Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) is produced by aging garlic for 1-2 years to convert harsh, volatile compounds into stable, bioavailable S-allylcysteine (SAC) with 98% bioavailability, with strong clinical evidence showing it reduces blood pressure by 11.8 mmHg in hypertensive patients, improves endothelial function through enhanced nitric oxide production, reduces inflammation via NF-κB inhibition, and enhances immune function, typically supplemented at 600-1,200mg daily divided into 2-3 doses.
Alternative Names: AGE, Kyolic Garlic, Aged Garlic, S-Allylcysteine-rich Garlic Extract
Categories: Organosulfur Compound, Nutraceutical, Allium Derivative
Primary Longevity Benefits
- Cardiovascular health
- Immune system support
- Antioxidant protection
- Anti-inflammatory effects
Secondary Benefits
- Blood pressure regulation
- Cholesterol management
- Improved circulation
- Detoxification support
- Cognitive function
- Antimicrobial properties
- Liver protection
Mechanism of Action
Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) exerts its beneficial effects through multiple mechanisms that distinguish it from raw garlic. The aging process transforms harsh, volatile compounds in raw garlic into stable, bioavailable compounds, particularly S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These water-soluble organosulfur compounds are the primary active constituents responsible for AGE’s therapeutic effects. AGE’s antioxidant properties stem from its ability to scavenge free radicals directly and enhance endogenous antioxidant systems.
It upregulates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defense, which increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. This activation of the Nrf2 pathway provides protection against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. In the cardiovascular system, AGE inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a critical step in atherosclerosis development. It improves endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide (NO) production and bioavailability, promoting vasodilation and healthy blood flow.
AGE also inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). AGE modulates immune function by enhancing natural killer (NK) cell activity, promoting macrophage phagocytosis, and regulating T-cell function, contributing to improved host defense against infections. In metabolic pathways, AGE enhances insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and improves glucose metabolism.
It also influences lipid metabolism by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol synthesis through modulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity. AGE’s neuroprotective effects involve reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and potentially reducing beta-amyloid aggregation. It may also support mitochondrial function in neurons, protecting against age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, AGE exhibits antimicrobial properties against various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, through multiple mechanisms including disruption of microbial cell membranes and inhibition of bacterial quorum sensing.
The detoxification properties of AGE are attributed to its ability to enhance Phase II detoxification enzymes and protect against heavy metal toxicity by forming complexes with metals like lead and mercury, facilitating their excretion.
Optimal Dosage
Disclaimer: The following dosage information is for educational purposes only. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions, are pregnant or nursing, or are taking medications.
The standard recommended dosage of Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) ranges from 600-1,200 mg per day, typically divided into 2-3 doses. Most clinical studies showing beneficial effects have used doses within this range. Commercial AGE supplements are often standardized to contain a specific amount of S-allylcysteine (SAC), the primary active compound, with typical standardization being 0.1-0.25% SAC.
By Condition
| Condition | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hypertension/Blood Pressure Management | 600-1,200 mg daily, divided into 2-3 doses | Clinical studies have shown significant blood pressure reduction at this dosage range after 12 weeks of consistent use. Higher doses within this range may be more effective for individuals with moderate hypertension. |
| Cholesterol Management | 800-1,200 mg daily, divided into 2-3 doses | This dosage has been shown to help reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels while potentially increasing HDL cholesterol. Effects are typically observed after 3-6 months of consistent use. |
| Immune Support | 600-1,200 mg daily | This dosage range has been shown to enhance natural killer cell activity and improve immune function, particularly during cold and flu season. |
| Cardiovascular Health | 1,000-1,200 mg daily | This higher dosage range has been used in studies showing benefits for arterial elasticity, endothelial function, and reduction of coronary artery calcification. |
| Antioxidant Support | 600-900 mg daily | This dosage provides significant antioxidant benefits through both direct free radical scavenging and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant systems. |
| Cognitive Function | 800-1,200 mg daily | Preliminary studies suggest this dosage may help support cognitive function and potentially reduce age-related cognitive decline. |
By Age Group
| Age Group | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (18-65 years) | 600-1,200 mg daily | Standard adult dosage range, well-tolerated with minimal side effects. |
| Older adults (65+ years) | 600-900 mg daily, starting with lower doses | Older adults may benefit from starting at the lower end of the dosage range and gradually increasing as tolerated. May be particularly beneficial for cardiovascular and cognitive support in this age group. |
| Children and adolescents | Not recommended without medical supervision | Safety and efficacy have not been well-established in pediatric populations. |
Timing Recommendations
AGE is best taken with meals to minimize potential gastrointestinal discomfort. Dividing the daily dose into 2-3 administrations may improve tolerance and efficacy. For cardiovascular benefits, consistent daily use for at least 12 weeks is typically necessary before significant effects are observed. Some studies suggest taking the last dose of the day at least 2-3 hours before bedtime to prevent potential sleep disturbances in sensitive individuals.
Bioavailability
Absorption Rate
Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) has significantly higher bioavailability compared to raw garlic or other garlic preparations. The aging process converts unstable, lipid-soluble compounds like allicin into stable, water-soluble compounds, particularly S-allylcysteine (SAC), which has approximately 98% bioavailability in humans. This high absorption rate is a key advantage of AGE over other garlic preparations.
Enhancement Methods
Taking with meals containing healthy fats may enhance absorption of some fat-soluble components, Enteric-coated formulations protect compounds from stomach acid degradation, Standardized extracts with verified SAC content ensure consistent bioavailability, Liposomal delivery systems may further enhance absorption of certain compounds, Avoiding excessive heat exposure preserves active compounds
Timing Recommendations
AGE is best taken with meals to minimize potential gastrointestinal discomfort and optimize absorption. Unlike raw garlic, AGE does not require specific timing related to allicin formation. The water-soluble nature of its primary active compounds allows for consistent absorption regardless of stomach contents, though taking with food is still recommended for comfort. For cardiovascular benefits, consistent daily use is more important than specific timing.
Dividing the daily dose into 2-3 administrations throughout the day may help maintain more consistent blood levels of active compounds.
Metabolism And Elimination
The primary bioactive compound in AGE, S-allylcysteine (SAC), is metabolized through multiple pathways. It undergoes N-acetylation in the liver to form N-acetyl-S-allylcysteine, which is the major metabolite found in urine. SAC also undergoes oxidation to form S-allylcysteine sulfoxide. The elimination half-life of SAC is approximately 10 hours, allowing for sustained activity with twice-daily dosing.
Approximately 85-90% of SAC and its metabolites are excreted through the kidneys within 24 hours.
Factors Affecting Bioavailability
| Factor | Impact |
|---|---|
| Age of extract | The aging process (typically 1-2 years) significantly increases bioavailability by converting unstable compounds to stable, water-soluble forms. Longer aging periods (up to 20 months) generally correlate with higher SAC content and bioavailability. |
| Standardization | Products standardized for SAC content provide more consistent bioavailability compared to non-standardized products. |
| Formulation | Enteric-coated formulations may protect some compounds from degradation in the stomach, while liquid extracts may have faster initial absorption. |
| Individual variations | Genetic differences in metabolizing enzymes, age, and overall health status can affect the absorption and metabolism of AGE compounds. |
| Concurrent medications | Some medications may theoretically affect the absorption or metabolism of AGE compounds, though significant interactions are rare. |
Comparison To Other Forms
AGE has superior bioavailability compared to raw garlic, garlic powder, garlic oil, and most other garlic preparations.
While raw garlic contains allicin (formed
when garlic is crushed),
this compound is highly unstable and has poor bioavailability. In contrast, the water-soluble organosulfur compounds in AGE, particularly SAC, have excellent absorption and stability in the body. Studies have shown that the bioavailability of SAC from AGE is approximately 30-60 times higher than allicin-derived compounds from raw garlic or garlic powder supplements.
Safety Profile
Safety Rating
Side Effects
| Effect | Frequency | Severity | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild gastrointestinal discomfort | Uncommon (2-5% of users) | Mild | Usually temporary and resolves with continued use or when taken with food |
| Garlic breath/body odor | Rare (less than 1% of users) | Mild | Much less common than with raw garlic due to the aging process that reduces volatile sulfur compounds |
| Heartburn | Rare (less than 1% of users) | Mild | Can usually be mitigated by taking with food or using enteric-coated formulations |
| Allergic reactions | Very rare | Mild to severe | Individuals with known allergy to garlic or other plants in the Allium family should avoid AGE |
Contraindications
| Condition | Recommendation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Scheduled surgery | Discontinue 2 weeks before surgery | Theoretical concern about potential antiplatelet effects, though clinical significance is debated |
| Garlic allergy | Avoid completely | Individuals with known allergy to garlic or other Allium species should not use AGE |
| Bleeding disorders | Use with caution and medical supervision | Theoretical concern about mild antiplatelet effects, though much less pronounced than with raw garlic |
| Pregnancy and breastfeeding | Consult healthcare provider before use | Limited safety data available, though traditional use suggests safety |
Drug Interactions
| Drug Class | Examples | Interaction Severity | Mechanism | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets | Warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel | Mild to moderate | Potential additive antiplatelet effects | Monitor for increased bleeding risk; clinical significance is generally low with AGE compared to raw garlic |
| Antihypertensives | ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers | Mild | Potential additive blood pressure-lowering effects | Monitor blood pressure; may require dose adjustment of medications |
| Hypoglycemic medications | Insulin, metformin | Mild | Potential additive blood glucose-lowering effects | Monitor blood glucose levels |
| HIV medications | Saquinavir, ritonavir | Uncertain | Potential effect on drug metabolism | Use with caution and monitor drug efficacy |
| CYP3A4 substrates | Various medications metabolized by CYP3A4 | Mild | Potential mild inhibition of CYP3A4 | Clinical significance appears low; monitor for changes in drug efficacy or side effects |
Upper Limit
No established upper limit. Doses up to 7.2 g per day have been used in clinical studies without significant adverse effects. For most individuals, staying within the recommended range of 600-1,200 mg daily is advised for optimal benefit-to-risk ratio.
Long Term Safety
AGE has an excellent long-term safety profile. Clinical studies have used AGE for periods of up to 4 years without significant adverse effects. Unlike raw garlic, the aging process reduces irritating compounds, making AGE suitable for long-term daily use. Regular monitoring of blood clotting parameters may be advisable for individuals on anticoagulant therapy, though clinical significance of interactions appears low.
Special Populations
| Population | Considerations |
|---|---|
| Elderly | Generally well-tolerated; may be particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health; start at lower doses and increase gradually |
| Children | Limited safety data; not typically recommended without medical supervision |
| Pregnant/breastfeeding women | Insufficient safety data; consult healthcare provider before use |
| Individuals with bleeding disorders | Use with caution due to potential mild antiplatelet effects; medical supervision recommended |
| Pre-surgical patients | Discontinue 2 weeks before scheduled surgery as a precaution |
Toxicity Data
AGE has demonstrated remarkably low toxicity in both animal and human studies. Acute toxicity studies in animals have shown no adverse effects at doses far exceeding typical human doses. Chronic toxicity studies have similarly shown excellent safety profiles. Unlike raw garlic, AGE does not cause the oxidative damage to red blood cells that can occur with high doses of raw garlic in some species. No genotoxic or carcinogenic effects have been observed in long-term studies.
Regulatory Status
Fda Status
Classification: Dietary Supplement
Approval Status: Not FDA-approved for treatment of any medical condition
Regulatory Framework: Regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994
Allowed Claims: Structure/function claims related to general health maintenance are permitted with appropriate disclaimer. Disease claims are not permitted without FDA approval.
Manufacturing Requirements: Must be produced in compliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for dietary supplements
Safety Status: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status for garlic as a food ingredient; AGE specifically has not been formally evaluated for GRAS status but is considered safe based on extensive use and research
International Status
Eu
- Food Supplement
- Regulated under the Food Supplements Directive (2002/46/EC)
- Limited health claims permitted under European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulations; no authorized health claims specifically for AGE currently exist
- Must comply with EU food safety regulations and labeling requirements
Canada
- Natural Health Product (NHP)
- Regulated under the Natural Health Products Regulations
- Requires Natural Product Number (NPN) for legal sale
- Specific health claims may be permitted with supporting evidence; several AGE products have approved claims for cardiovascular health support
- Canadian regulations require pre-market assessment of safety, efficacy, and quality
Australia
- Listed Complementary Medicine
- Regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
- Requires Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) listing
- Low-level claims related to general health maintenance are permitted with supporting evidence
- Must comply with quality and safety standards set by the TGA
Japan
- Can be classified as either a Food with Functional Claims (FFC) or a Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) depending on the specific product and claims
- Regulated by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- Specific health claims may be permitted with substantial scientific evidence
- Japan has a more established regulatory framework for functional foods and supplements compared to many other countries
China
- Health Food
- Regulated by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA)
- Requires Health Food Approval Certificate for specific health claims
- Limited to approved functions from a list of 27 health functions recognized by Chinese regulations
- Registration process is complex and requires substantial safety and efficacy data
Clinical Trial Status
Completed Trials: Over 70 clinical trials investigating various health effects of AGE have been completed, with particular focus on cardiovascular outcomes, immune function, and antioxidant effects
Ongoing Trials: Several clinical trials are currently ongoing, investigating effects on cognitive function, gut microbiome, and specific cardiovascular parameters
Research Gaps: Larger, long-term clinical trials (>5 years) are still needed to fully establish effects on clinical outcomes like cardiovascular events and mortality
Labeling Requirements
Us: Supplement Facts panel listing active ingredients and amounts, Net quantity of contents, Name and place of business of manufacturer, packer, or distributor, Directions for use, Disclaimer: ‘These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.’, Disease claims (claims to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease), Misleading statements about efficacy or safety
International Variations: Labeling requirements vary significantly by country, with some jurisdictions (e.g., Canada, Australia) requiring pre-approval of label claims and others imposing stricter limitations on permitted claims.
Safety Assessments
Formal Evaluations: No formal safety evaluation by major regulatory bodies specifically for AGE, though garlic as a food ingredient has been evaluated
Safety Data: Extensive safety data from clinical trials and post-market surveillance indicate excellent safety profile with minimal adverse effects
Monitoring Systems: Subject to standard adverse event reporting systems for dietary supplements in various countries
Regulatory Challenges
Variation in international regulatory frameworks creates challenges for global marketing, Limitations on health claims despite substantial scientific evidence, Ensuring consistent quality and standardization across different manufacturers, Distinguishing AGE from other garlic preparations in regulatory contexts
Future Regulatory Considerations
Potential Developments: Increased regulatory recognition of the distinction between AGE and other garlic preparations, Potential for expanded allowed health claims based on growing body of clinical evidence, Possible development of specific monographs or standards for AGE in various pharmacopoeias, Increased harmonization of international regulations for botanical supplements including AGE
Advocacy Efforts: Various industry associations and research organizations are working to advance regulatory recognition of evidence-based botanical supplements including AGE
Synergistic Compounds
| Compound | Synergy Mechanism | Evidence Rating | Research Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Enhances the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine, complementing AGE’s cardiovascular benefits. Both compounds support methylation pathways and may have additive effects on homocysteine reduction. | 3 | Clinical studies have shown that the combination may be more effective for homocysteine reduction than either compound alone. |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Works with AGE to support methylation pathways and homocysteine metabolism, potentially enhancing cardiovascular benefits. | 3 | Combination may be particularly beneficial for older adults who often have reduced B12 absorption. |
| Folate (Vitamin B9) | Complements AGE’s cardiovascular benefits through enhanced homocysteine metabolism and methylation support. | 3 | The combination of AGE with B vitamins including folate has shown enhanced homocysteine-lowering effects in clinical studies. |
| CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) | Combines AGE’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects with CoQ10’s mitochondrial support and antioxidant properties for enhanced cardiovascular protection. | 4 | Several studies have shown that this combination may provide superior benefits for endothelial function and blood pressure regulation compared to either supplement alone. |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | AGE’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties complement omega-3’s anti-inflammatory effects and support for healthy blood lipid profiles. | 3 | Preliminary research suggests enhanced cardiovascular benefits when used together, particularly for inflammation reduction and lipid profile improvement. |
| Vitamin D | Combines AGE’s immune-modulating properties with vitamin D’s crucial role in immune function and inflammation regulation. | 2 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary mechanisms; limited direct research on the combination. |
| Magnesium | Complements AGE’s blood pressure-lowering effects through magnesium’s role in vascular relaxation and blood pressure regulation. | 3 | Both compounds support healthy blood pressure through different but complementary mechanisms. |
| Nattokinase | Combines AGE’s mild antiplatelet effects with nattokinase’s fibrinolytic activity for enhanced cardiovascular support and healthy blood flow. | 2 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary mechanisms; limited direct research on the combination. |
| Hawthorn Extract | Both compounds support cardiovascular health through different mechanisms – AGE through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, hawthorn through improved coronary blood flow and cardiac efficiency. | 2 | Traditional use suggests synergy; limited modern research on the combination. |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Combines AGE’s cardiovascular benefits with ginkgo’s effects on microcirculation and cognitive function for enhanced neuroprotection and vascular health. | 2 | Preliminary research suggests potential benefits for cognitive function and microcirculation. |
| Resveratrol | Both compounds activate Nrf2 pathways and provide antioxidant support through complementary mechanisms. | 2 | In vitro studies suggest enhanced antioxidant effects; clinical evidence is limited. |
| Curcumin | Combines the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of both compounds, potentially enhancing overall effects on oxidative stress and inflammation. | 3 | Several studies suggest enhanced anti-inflammatory effects when used together. |
| Probiotics | AGE may function as a prebiotic, supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria, while probiotics directly introduce beneficial strains for gut health. | 2 | Emerging research suggests AGE may have prebiotic effects that could enhance probiotic efficacy. |
| Zinc | Combines AGE’s immune-supporting properties with zinc’s essential role in immune function and antioxidant enzymes. | 2 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary immune support mechanisms. |
| Alpha-Lipoic Acid | Both compounds support glutathione production and provide antioxidant protection through complementary mechanisms. | 2 | In vitro studies suggest enhanced antioxidant effects; clinical evidence is limited. |
Antagonistic Compounds
Cost Efficiency
Relative Cost
Medium to High
Cost Per Effective Dose
Range: $0.50 – $2.00 per day for standard effective dose (600-1,200 mg)
Factors Affecting Cost: Brand reputation and research backing, Standardization level (S-allylcysteine content), Aging process duration and quality, Form (capsules typically more expensive than tablets), Additional ingredients or specialized formulations, Organic certification of source garlic
Price Comparison: $0.30 – $0.60 per effective daily dose, $0.60 – $1.20 per effective daily dose, $1.20 – $2.00+ per effective daily dose
Value Analysis
Cost Vs Raw Garlic: AGE is significantly more expensive than raw garlic or basic garlic powder supplements. However, the aging process transforms the compounds to more bioavailable, stable forms with reduced side effects, potentially justifying the higher cost for many users.
Cost Vs Conventional Approaches: Compared to prescription medications for hypertension or cholesterol management, AGE is generally less expensive, especially considering potential reduced need for multiple medications. However, effectiveness varies by individual and AGE should not be considered a replacement for prescribed medications without medical supervision., Moderately cost-effective compared to other immune support supplements, with substantial research backing its efficacy., Medium cost-effectiveness compared to other antioxidant supplements; provides multiple mechanisms of action that may justify higher cost.
Long Term Value Considerations: Potential healthcare cost savings from preventive effects on cardiovascular health, Reduced need for multiple supplements due to AGE’s diverse benefits, Higher bioavailability may justify higher cost compared to less bioavailable garlic supplements, Reduced side effects (particularly odor and GI discomfort) compared to raw garlic may justify premium for many users
Cost Optimization Strategies
| Strategy | Details |
|---|---|
| Bulk purchasing | Buying larger quantities (e.g., 3-6 month supply) typically reduces cost per dose by 10-30%. |
| Subscription services | Many manufacturers offer 10-20% discounts for subscription or auto-ship programs. |
| Focus on standardization rather than brand | Look for products standardized for S-allylcysteine (SAC) content rather than paying premium solely for brand name. |
| Tablet vs. capsule formulations | Tablet forms are often less expensive than capsules while providing similar benefits. |
| Combination products | For those taking multiple supplements, combination products containing AGE with synergistic compounds may offer better value than separate supplements. |
Insurance Coverage
Conventional Insurance: Rarely covered by conventional health insurance in most countries.
Health Savings Accounts: May be eligible for purchase using Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) or Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs) in some jurisdictions with appropriate documentation.
Prescription Programs: Some healthcare providers may include AGE in integrative medicine protocols that receive partial coverage.
Economic Impact Analysis
Preventive Value: Research suggests potential long-term economic benefits through prevention of cardiovascular events and associated healthcare costs. Cost-effectiveness models indicate that regular AGE supplementation may be economically beneficial for at-risk populations, particularly those with hypertension or elevated cholesterol.
Productivity Considerations: Potential reduction in sick days and improved cognitive function may provide indirect economic benefits, though these are difficult to quantify precisely.
Comparative Effectiveness: When compared to other interventions for cardiovascular health, AGE shows favorable cost-effectiveness ratios, particularly when considering its multiple mechanisms of action and low side effect profile.
Market Trends
Pricing Trends: Prices have remained relatively stable over the past decade, with modest increases generally in line with inflation. Premium brands maintain price points based on research backing and standardization.
Market Segmentation: The market has increasingly segmented into basic, mid-range, and premium products, with premium products emphasizing clinical research, standardization, and specialized formulations.
Future Projections: Growing research support and consumer awareness may lead to increased demand and potentially more competitive pricing as market expands.
Stability Information
Shelf Life
Properly manufactured and stored Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) typically has a shelf life of 2-3 years from the date of manufacture. This extended shelf life is significantly longer than that of raw garlic or many other garlic preparations due to the stability of the water-soluble organosulfur compounds, particularly S-allylcysteine (SAC), that are formed during the aging process.
Storage Recommendations
| Condition | Recommendation | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Store at room temperature (15-25°C or 59-77°F). Avoid exposure to high temperatures above 30°C (86°F). | While AGE compounds are relatively stable, prolonged exposure to high temperatures may accelerate degradation of some beneficial compounds. |
| Light exposure | Store in the original, opaque container or in a dark place protected from direct light, especially sunlight. | Some compounds in AGE may be sensitive to photodegradation, particularly when exposed to UV light for extended periods. |
| Humidity | Store in a dry place with relative humidity below 65%. | High humidity can promote degradation of capsules or tablets and potentially lead to microbial growth. |
| Container considerations | Keep in the original, tightly closed container. If transferring to another container, use an airtight, opaque container. | Minimizes exposure to air, light, and moisture, which can all contribute to degradation. |
| Refrigeration | Not necessary for dry forms (capsules, tablets). Liquid extracts may benefit from refrigeration after opening. | Refrigeration is generally not required for stability but may help preserve freshness of liquid formulations. |
Degradation Factors
| Factor | Impact | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidation | Moderate | While more stable than raw garlic compounds, some components of AGE can still undergo oxidative degradation when exposed to air for extended periods. Keeping containers tightly closed helps minimize this effect. |
| Heat exposure | Moderate | Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 30°C (86°F) may accelerate degradation of some compounds. Brief exposure to higher temperatures during shipping or storage is unlikely to cause significant degradation. |
| Light exposure | Low to moderate | Some compounds may undergo photodegradation when exposed to direct light, particularly UV light, for extended periods. The impact is less significant than with many other botanical extracts. |
| Moisture | Moderate to high | Moisture can promote hydrolysis of certain compounds and potentially lead to microbial growth, particularly in powdered forms or opened liquid extracts. |
| Microbial contamination | Variable | Properly manufactured AGE has low water activity and is generally resistant to microbial growth. However, if exposed to moisture or contaminated during handling, microbial growth could occur. |
Stability Differences By Form
| Form | Stability Profile | Special Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Capsules | Generally very stable when properly stored. Vegetable capsules may be more susceptible to moisture than gelatin capsules. | Avoid exposure to high humidity which can affect capsule integrity. |
| Tablets | Highly stable due to compressed form and typically low moisture content. | Enteric-coated tablets provide additional protection for sensitive compounds. |
| Liquid extracts | Moderately stable; more susceptible to oxidation and microbial contamination after opening. | Refrigerate after opening; use within the recommended period (typically 1-2 months after opening). |
| Powder | Less stable than capsules or tablets due to increased surface area exposed to air and potential moisture absorption. | Store with desiccant packets; transfer only with dry utensils; keep container tightly closed. |
Stability Testing Methods
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for monitoring S-allylcysteine (SAC) content over time, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for tracking changes in volatile organosulfur compounds, Accelerated stability testing under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, Real-time stability testing under recommended storage conditions, Antioxidant capacity assays to monitor functional stability, Microbial testing to ensure continued safety throughout shelf life
Indicators Of Degradation
| Indicator | Significance | Action Recommended |
|---|---|---|
| Color changes | Darkening of liquid extracts or powder may indicate oxidation or other chemical changes. | If significant color change is observed, consider replacing the product. |
| Odor changes | Development of strong, unpleasant odors (different from the typical mild garlic odor) may indicate degradation or contamination. | Discard product if unusual odors develop. |
| Physical changes | Clumping of powder, softening or hardening of capsules/tablets, or unusual residue in liquid extracts may indicate moisture exposure or other quality issues. | Discard product if significant physical changes are observed. |
| Taste changes | Unusually bitter or unpleasant taste (for liquid forms) may indicate degradation. | Discontinue use if taste is significantly different from when first opened. |
Transport Considerations
AGE is relatively stable during transport under normal conditions. However, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures (>40°C/104°F or <0°C/32°F) should be avoided. For international shipping or transport through varying climate zones, temperature-controlled shipping may be advisable for premium products. Proper packaging with moisture barriers and protection from physical damage is important to maintain product integrity.
Sourcing
Synthesis Methods
| Method | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional aging process | Fresh garlic is sliced or crushed and then aged in a solution of ethanol and water (typically 15-20% ethanol) for 1-2 years at room temperature. This process transforms harsh, unstable compounds like allicin into stable, bioavailable compounds, particularly S-allylcysteine (SAC). | Produces the full spectrum of beneficial compounds found in properly aged garlic; reduces irritating compounds; enhances bioavailability. | Time-consuming; requires careful quality control throughout the aging process. |
| Accelerated aging | Uses controlled temperature and humidity conditions to speed up the aging process, typically reducing aging time to several months instead of years. | Faster production; potentially more consistent results. | May not develop the full profile of beneficial compounds found in traditionally aged garlic; quality can vary significantly between manufacturers. |
| Cold aging process | Similar to traditional aging but conducted at lower temperatures (typically 0-4°C) for extended periods. | May preserve certain heat-sensitive compounds; reduces potential for microbial contamination. | Slower conversion process; may result in different compound profiles compared to room temperature aging. |
Natural Sources
- Aged Garlic Extract is derived exclusively from Allium sativum (common garlic) that has undergone a specialized aging process.
- The starting material is typically high-quality, organically grown garlic bulbs selected for their high allicin potential and overall phytochemical content.
- Garlic varieties with higher sulfur compound content are preferred for AGE production.
Quality Considerations
Standardization
Aging duration
Starting material quality
Extraction process
Contaminant testing
Geographical Considerations
China
United States (California)
Spain
Japan
Sustainability Aspects
- Garlic cultivation generally has a relatively low environmental impact compared to many other crops.
- Organic cultivation methods reduce pesticide use and environmental contamination.
- The aging process is relatively low in energy consumption compared to many other extraction methods.
- Some manufacturers implement water recycling and waste reduction practices in the production process.
Commercial Considerations
Brand reputation
Third-party testing
Price considerations
Proprietary processes
Historical Usage
Traditional Uses
While Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) itself is a relatively modern formulation developed in the mid-20th century, it is based on the traditional practice of aging garlic to reduce its harshness and enhance its medicinal properties. Throughout history, various cultures discovered that aging or fermenting garlic altered its properties in beneficial ways. In ancient Chinese medicine, aged garlic preparations were used to enhance qi (vital energy), support the spleen and stomach, and treat various ailments including digestive disorders and respiratory infections. Traditional Korean medicine utilized aged black garlic, created through a different aging process than modern AGE, but similarly aimed at transforming raw garlic’s properties.
In various European folk medicine traditions, garlic preparations that had been aged in wine or vinegar were used for cardiovascular support, infection prevention, and as general tonics. These traditional preparations, while different from modern AGE, reflect the historical recognition that aging garlic transforms its properties in therapeutically valuable ways.
Modern Development
Modern Aged Garlic Extract was developed in Japan in the 1950s by researchers seeking to harness garlic’s health benefits
while eliminating its harsh side effects and odor. The specific aging process used for commercial AGE was refined through scientific research to optimize the conversion of unstable compounds like allicin into stable, bioavailable compounds, particularly S-allylcysteine (SAC). The Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Company pioneered
this research, leading to the development of the Kyolic brand of AGE, which has since become the most extensively researched form of aged garlic. Since its development, AGE has been the subject of over 870 scientific publications, including numerous clinical trials investigating its effects on cardiovascular health, immune function, and other health parameters.
Cultural Significance
Japan: In Japan, where AGE was first developed commercially, it is widely used as a health supplement and is particularly associated with cardiovascular health and longevity. It represents the integration of traditional herbal wisdom with modern scientific methods.
United States: In the United States, AGE has gained popularity as a science-backed alternative to raw garlic supplements, particularly among those seeking cardiovascular support without the odor and gastrointestinal effects of raw garlic.
Global Health Movements: Within various global health and longevity movements, AGE has been embraced as part of evidence-based supplement regimens, particularly for healthy aging and cardiovascular support.
Evolution Of Understanding
| Period | Developments |
|---|---|
| 1950s-1960s | Initial development of the aging process; focus on reducing garlic’s harshness while preserving beneficial properties; identification of water-soluble organosulfur compounds. |
| 1970s-1980s | Identification of S-allylcysteine (SAC) as a key compound; early research on cardiovascular effects; development of standardization methods. |
| 1990s-2000s | Expansion of clinical research; identification of antioxidant mechanisms; studies on immune function; research on cholesterol and blood pressure effects. |
| 2000s-Present | Advanced research on molecular mechanisms; studies on Nrf2 activation; research on cognitive function; investigation of microbiome effects; expanded understanding of AGE’s unique compound profile compared to other garlic preparations. |
Historical Preparation Methods
| Method | Description | Historical Regions |
|---|---|---|
| Wine-aged garlic | In various European traditions, garlic was aged in wine for months to years, creating an extract with reduced harshness. This method likely extracted both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble compounds. | Mediterranean countries, particularly Italy and France |
| Vinegar-aged garlic | Garlic aged in vinegar was used in various folk medicine traditions for its preserved medicinal properties and reduced harshness. | Various European and Asian traditions |
| Black garlic | Created through aging whole garlic bulbs at controlled temperature and humidity without solvents, resulting in darkened, sweet garlic with altered chemical composition. | Korea, Japan, and other parts of Asia |
| Fermented garlic preparations | Various traditional fermentation methods using salt, beneficial microorganisms, or other techniques to transform garlic’s properties. | Various global traditions, particularly in Asia |
Historical Vs Modern Usage
Historical aged garlic preparations were primarily used for general health maintenance, digestive support, and infection prevention. While these applications continue with modern AGE, contemporary usage is more specifically targeted based on scientific research, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular health, immune support, and antioxidant protection. Modern usage is also more standardized, with specific dosage recommendations based on clinical studies, whereas historical usage relied on traditional knowledge passed through generations. Additionally, modern AGE is produced under controlled conditions with standardization of active compounds, particularly SAC, which was not possible in traditional preparations.
Despite these differences, there is remarkable continuity between some traditional uses of aged garlic and the benefits confirmed by modern research, particularly in the areas of cardiovascular support and immune function.
Scientific Evidence
Evidence Rating
Key Studies
Meta Analyses
Ongoing Trials
Clinical trial investigating AGE for cognitive function in elderly (NCT04822350), Study on AGE for endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome (NCT03766100), Investigation of AGE for immune function during cold and flu season (NCT03181295)
Research Gaps
Long-term studies (>5 years) on cardiovascular outcomes, Comparative effectiveness studies against pharmaceutical interventions, Optimal dosing strategies for different health conditions, Mechanisms of action for cognitive and neurological benefits, Effects on gut microbiome composition and function, Potential benefits for specific autoimmune conditions
Expert Opinions
| Expert | Opinion |
|---|---|
| Dr. Karen Ried, NIIM | AGE has demonstrated consistent benefits for cardiovascular health across multiple clinical trials, with particularly strong evidence for blood pressure reduction in hypertensive individuals. |
| Dr. Matthew Budoff, UCLA | Research suggests AGE may slow the progression of coronary artery calcification and improve arterial elasticity, making it a promising complementary approach for cardiovascular health. |
| Dr. Carmia Borek, Tufts University | The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of AGE, particularly through its water-soluble organosulfur compounds, provide a scientific basis for its potential health benefits. |
Population Specific Evidence
| Population | Evidence Strength | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Hypertensive individuals | Strong | Multiple randomized controlled trials show significant blood pressure reduction with AGE supplementation. |
| Individuals with elevated cholesterol | Moderate | Several studies show modest improvements in lipid profiles, particularly LDL cholesterol reduction. |
| Diabetic patients | Moderate | Evidence suggests benefits for cardiovascular complications of diabetes and potential improvements in insulin sensitivity. |
| Elderly individuals | Preliminary | Early evidence suggests potential benefits for cognitive function and immune support in older adults. |
| Athletes/physically active individuals | Limited | Some evidence suggests potential benefits for exercise recovery and immune function during periods of intense training. |
Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications.