Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a powerful Amazonian vine used traditionally by indigenous peoples that contains oxindole alkaloids and pentacyclic triterpenes which provide potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and TNF-α, modulate immune function, and offer antioxidant protection, with clinical evidence supporting its use for arthritis, immune support, and potential antiviral properties.
Alternative Names: Uncaria tomentosa, Uncaria guianensis, Uña de gato, Life-giving vine of Peru, Samento, C-Med 100, Reparagen
Categories: Herbal Extract, Vine, Adaptogen
Primary Longevity Benefits
- Anti-inflammatory
- Immune modulation
- Antioxidant
Secondary Benefits
- Joint health
- Digestive support
- Wound healing
- Viral defense
- Cognitive function
Mechanism of Action
Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) exerts its biological effects through multiple mechanisms primarily attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile, which includes oxindole alkaloids, pentacyclic triterpenes, flavonoids, and procyanidins. As a potent anti-inflammatory agent, cat’s claw inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, a master regulator of inflammation, by blocking IκB kinase (IKK) activity. This prevents the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and subsequent expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Cat’s claw is a potent inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine.
The anti-inflammatory activity also involves suppression of nitric oxide and interleukin secretion. The pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POAs) such as pteropodine, isopteropodine, and mitraphylline are believed to be primarily responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects, though quinic acid esters also contribute by inhibiting NF-κB without inherent antioxidant potential. Cat’s claw demonstrates immunomodulatory properties, with most alkaloids (except rhynchophylline and mitraphylline) enhancing phagocytosis and immune cell function. Pteropodine and isopteropodine specifically have immune-stimulating effects.
The herb’s antioxidant activity is associated with its phenolic and flavonoid content, which help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. In the central nervous system, pteropodine and isopteropodine may increase the affinity of agonists or act as positive modulators of muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors, potentially improving cognitive processes. Mitraphylline has shown the ability to bind to amyloid protein, suggesting potential neuroprotective effects. Cat’s claw also exhibits antimicrobial properties, with alkaloidal extracts demonstrating antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus, rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and Dengue virus.
Recent research has shown activity against SARS-CoV-2, with extracts inhibiting viral growth and reducing cytopathic effects by blocking the attachment of the spike protein to ACE-2 receptors. Antibacterial activity has been demonstrated against oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. In metabolic health, cat’s claw improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic collagen deposition and lipid content, and enhances liver insulin signaling. For bone health, it reduces inflammatory-induced bone loss by attenuating osteoclast formation and reducing neutrophil migration to affected tissues.
The herb’s diverse mechanisms of action explain its wide range of traditional uses and potential therapeutic applications.
Optimal Dosage
Disclaimer: The following dosage information is for educational purposes only. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions, are pregnant or nursing, or are taking medications.
The typical dosage of Cat’s Claw ranges from 250-1000 mg of dried root bark extract taken 2-3 times daily. For standardized extracts containing 8-10% carboxy alkyl esters and less than 0.5% oxindole alkaloids, 250-300 mg daily is commonly used in clinical studies.
By Condition
| Condition | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Osteoarthritis | 100 mg of standardized extract daily or 250-300 mg of root bark extract taken 2-3 times daily | Clinical studies have shown efficacy at these doses for reducing joint pain and inflammation |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 20-30 mg of root bark extract 3 times daily | Lower doses may be effective when using highly standardized extracts |
| Immune Support | 250-500 mg of dried root bark extract daily | May be taken as a preventative measure during cold and flu season |
| Digestive Support | 500-1000 mg of dried root bark 2-3 times daily | Traditional use for various digestive complaints including gastritis and ulcers |
| Viral Infections | 800-1000 mg of dried root bark 2-3 times daily | Higher doses are typically used for acute conditions |
By Age Group
| Age Group | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (18-65) | 250-1000 mg of dried root bark extract 2-3 times daily | Start with lower doses and increase gradually as needed |
| Seniors (65+) | 250-500 mg of dried root bark extract 1-2 times daily | Lower doses recommended due to potential for drug interactions and reduced kidney/liver function |
| Children and Adolescents | Not recommended | Safety data is lacking for use in children and adolescents |
Bioavailability
Absorption Rate
Moderate to low, with significant variability depending on the preparation method and active compounds
Enhancement Methods
Taking with a small amount of fat may enhance absorption of some active compounds, Liquid extracts typically have higher bioavailability than capsules or tablets, Standardized extracts with specific alkaloid profiles may offer more consistent bioavailability, Micronized powders may increase surface area and improve absorption, Combining with black pepper extract (piperine) may enhance absorption of some compounds, though specific studies on this combination are limited
Timing Recommendations
Best taken between meals (about 30 minutes before or 2 hours after eating) to maximize absorption of alkaloids. For digestive issues, taking with meals may be more beneficial. For inflammatory conditions, consistent daily dosing is more important than specific timing. Morning dosing is often recommended for immune support, while evening dosing may be preferred for sleep-related benefits.
Safety Profile
Safety Rating
Side Effects
- Gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, diarrhea, stomach discomfort)
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Potential for increased bleeding risk
- Rare cases of kidney effects (including one reported case of acute renal failure)
- Rare cases of neuropathy (including one reported case of worsened Parkinson’s disease symptoms)
Contraindications
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding (traditionally used as an emmenagogue)
- Autoimmune disorders (due to immune-stimulating effects)
- Organ transplant recipients (due to immune-stimulating effects)
- Hemophilia or other bleeding disorders
- Planned surgery (discontinue at least 2 weeks before)
- Parkinson’s disease (case report of worsened symptoms)
- Children (due to lack of safety data)
- Kidney disease (case reports of adverse effects)
- Liver disease (potential for hepatotoxicity)
Drug Interactions
- Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs (increased bleeding risk)
- Immunosuppressants (may counteract effects)
- Antihypertensives (potential additive effect)
- HIV protease inhibitors (atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir – may increase serum concentration)
- Cytochrome P450 substrate medications (potential interactions)
- Hormone therapies (potential hormonal effects)
- Medications for Parkinson’s disease (potential worsening of symptoms)
Upper Limit
No established upper limit. Clinical studies have used up to 1000 mg of dried root bark extract 3 times daily without significant adverse effects in most individuals. However, long-term safety data beyond 8 weeks is limited.
Regulatory Status
Fda Status
In the United States, cat’s claw is regulated as a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. It is not approved as a drug for the treatment of any medical condition. Manufacturers cannot make specific disease claims but can make general structure/function claims. The American Herbal Products Association rates Uncaria preparations as class 4, indicating a lack of data to support safety.
International Status
Eu: In the European Union, cat’s claw is considered a traditional herbal medicinal product. It is included in the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) herbal monographs. In Germany, it is not included in the Commission E monographs, which limits its use as an approved herbal medicine in that country.
Canada: In Canada, cat’s claw is regulated as a Natural Health Product (NHP). It has been granted several product licenses for use as a traditional medicine to help relieve symptoms associated with inflammation.
Australia: In Australia, cat’s claw is regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) as a complementary medicine. It is included in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) for various traditional uses.
Peru: In Peru, where cat’s claw is native, it is recognized as a traditional medicine and is included in the national pharmacopeia. The Peruvian government has implemented regulations to protect wild populations from overharvesting.
Brazil: In Brazil, cat’s claw is included in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and is recognized as a medicinal plant. It is regulated by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency).
Japan: In Japan, cat’s claw is regulated as a non-pharmaceutical health food and is not approved for medicinal use.
Synergistic Compounds
| Compound | Synergy Mechanism | Evidence Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Turmeric/Curcumin | Both herbs have complementary anti-inflammatory mechanisms, with cat’s claw inhibiting TNF-alpha and NF-κB while curcumin modulates additional inflammatory pathways including COX-2 and LOX enzymes | 2 |
| Boswellia | Combined anti-inflammatory effects targeting different aspects of the inflammatory cascade, with Boswellia specifically inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) while cat’s claw primarily affects TNF-alpha and NF-κB | 2 |
| Vitamin C | Enhanced antioxidant effects and potential immune system support, with vitamin C recycling antioxidant compounds in cat’s claw | 2 |
| Zinc | Combined immune-modulating effects, with zinc supporting thymus function and T-cell development while cat’s claw enhances phagocytosis and other immune functions | 2 |
| Probiotics | Cat’s claw may support gut barrier function while probiotics help maintain beneficial gut microbiota, potentially enhancing overall gut health and immune function | 1 |
| Astragalus | Complementary immune-modulating effects, with astragalus primarily supporting innate immunity while cat’s claw affects both innate and adaptive immune responses | 1 |
| Quercetin | Enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, with quercetin specifically inhibiting mast cell degranulation and histamine release | 1 |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Complementary anti-inflammatory mechanisms, with omega-3s reducing pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production while cat’s claw inhibits TNF-alpha and NF-κB pathways | 1 |
Antagonistic Compounds
| Compound | Interaction Type | Evidence Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Immunosuppressant medications (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus) | Cat’s claw has immune-stimulating properties that may counteract the intended immunosuppressive effects of these medications | 3 |
| Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs (e.g., warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) | Cat’s claw may increase the risk of bleeding when combined with these medications due to potential antiplatelet effects | 2 |
| HIV protease inhibitors (atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) | Cat’s claw may increase the serum concentration of these medications, potentially leading to increased side effects | 2 |
| Levodopa and other Parkinson’s disease medications | Case reports suggest cat’s claw may worsen Parkinson’s disease symptoms, potentially interfering with dopaminergic medications | 2 |
| Hormone replacement therapy | Cat’s claw may interact with estrogen receptor binding sites, potentially interfering with hormone therapies | 1 |
| Antihypertensive medications | Cat’s claw may have hypotensive effects that could potentiate blood pressure-lowering medications | 1 |
| Iron supplements | The tannins in cat’s claw may bind to iron and reduce its absorption when taken simultaneously | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 substrate medications | Cat’s claw may affect the metabolism of drugs processed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, though specific interactions are not well-documented | 1 |
Cost Efficiency
Relative Cost
Medium
Cost Per Effective Dose
$0.30-$1.50 per day for standard preparations; $1.00-$3.00 per day for high-quality standardized extracts
Value Analysis
Cat’s claw offers moderate value for its cost when used for inflammatory conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, where some clinical evidence supports its efficacy. The cost-effectiveness varies significantly based on the quality and standardization of the product. Standardized extracts with verified levels of active compounds typically cost more but may provide more consistent benefits, potentially offering better value despite the higher price. Wild-harvested products from sustainable sources may command premium prices but help ensure the long-term availability of the herb.
The increasing cultivation of cat’s claw on plantations may eventually help reduce costs while ensuring sustainability. When compared to prescription anti-inflammatory medications, cat’s claw may offer cost savings, particularly when considering the potential reduced incidence of side effects that might require additional medical intervention. However, the lack of robust clinical evidence for many purported benefits means that for some uses, the value proposition remains uncertain. For immune support and general wellness applications, less expensive basic preparations may provide adequate value, while for specific therapeutic applications, investing in higher-quality standardized extracts is likely more cost-effective in the long run.
Stability Information
Shelf Life
Properly stored dried root bark can maintain potency for 2-3 years. Liquid extracts typically have a shelf life of 1-2 years once opened. Capsules and tablets generally have a shelf life of 2-3 years when stored properly.
Storage Recommendations
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Dried herbs and capsules should be kept in airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption. Liquid extracts should be tightly sealed after use and may benefit from refrigeration after opening, though this is not always necessary. Avoid exposure to heat, which can degrade active compounds.
Degradation Factors
Exposure to light (particularly UV light) can degrade alkaloids and other active compounds, High humidity can promote microbial growth and degradation of plant material, Oxygen exposure can lead to oxidation of phenolic compounds and other antioxidants, Heat accelerates the breakdown of most active compounds, Microbial contamination can occur if stored improperly, particularly in humid environments, pH extremes in liquid formulations can affect stability of alkaloids
Sourcing
Synthesis Methods
- Not synthetically produced – all commercial cat’s claw is derived from natural plant sources
- Extraction methods include water extraction, alcohol extraction, or a combination of both
- Standardization processes to ensure consistent levels of active compounds
Natural Sources
- Uncaria tomentosa (primarily from Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and other South American countries)
- Uncaria guianensis (primarily from Peru, Brazil, and other South American countries)
- Wild-harvested from Amazon rainforest regions
- Increasingly cultivated on sustainable plantations to reduce pressure on wild populations
Quality Considerations
High-quality cat’s claw supplements should be sourced from the inner bark of the vine or root, not the leaves or outer bark which contain fewer active compounds. Proper species identification is crucial, as Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis have different phytochemical profiles and potentially different effects. U. tomentosa is generally preferred in the United States market, while European markets often use U. guianensis. Look for products that specify the species and plant part used. Sustainable harvesting practices are important to prevent depletion of wild populations. The best products are standardized to contain specific levels of active compounds, particularly pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POAs) or carboxy alkyl esters, depending on the intended use. Products should be tested for contaminants including heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial contamination. Organic certification is preferable to minimize exposure to agricultural chemicals. Some products may contain mixed plant sources despite claiming to be ‘100% pure,’ so third-party testing and certification are valuable quality indicators.
Historical Usage
Cat’s claw has a rich history of traditional use among indigenous peoples of South America, particularly in Peru, where it has been used for at least 2,000 years. The name ‘cat’s claw’ or ‘uña de gato’ in Spanish describes the small, curved-back spines on the stem at the leaf juncture that resemble a cat’s claw. The Ashánica Indians of Peru have long considered samento (Uncaria tomentosa) to have life-giving properties and traditionally ingest a cup of the decoction every 1-2 weeks to ward off disease, treat bone pain, and cleanse the kidneys. They believe it helps maintain health and prevent illness rather than just treating specific conditions.
In Peru, a boiled decoction of Uncaria guianensis has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, and contraceptive agent. It has also been employed for treating gastric ulcers, tumors, gonorrhea (by the Bora tribe), dysentery (by the Indian populations of Colombia and Guiana), and cancers of the urinary tract in women. Other traditional uses include treatment for abscesses, asthma, fever, hemorrhage, rheumatism, skin impurities, urinary tract inflammation, weakness, and wounds, as well as for disease prevention and recovery from childbirth. The inner bark of the vine or root is the part traditionally used medicinally, prepared most commonly as a decoction by boiling in water.
Cat’s claw gained international attention in the 1970s and 1980s when Austrian researcher Klaus Keplinger began studying its properties. By the 1990s, it had become popular in Europe, partly due to reports of its clinical use with zidovudine in AIDS treatment. The demand for the bark in the United States grew based on its purported use as a tea in treating diverticulitis, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcers, colitis, gastritis, parasites, and ‘leaky gut syndrome.’ By 1997, over 50 dietary supplement manufacturers offered cat’s claw products in the United States. Today, cat’s claw continues to be used in traditional medicine in South America and has become a popular herbal supplement worldwide, though many of its traditional uses have not been validated by controlled clinical trials.
Scientific Evidence
Evidence Rating
Key Studies
Meta Analyses
Rosenbaum CC, O’Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K. Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2010;16(2):32-40., Ignacio Silveira DQ, Lia EN, Massignan C, Stefani CM. Natural products for the treatment of denture stomatitis: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;S0022-3913(21)00315-2.
Ongoing Trials
Investigation of Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) for immune modulation in COVID-19 patients, Evaluation of Cat’s Claw extract for management of inflammatory bowel conditions, Cat’s Claw as an adjunctive therapy in rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications.