Cinnamaldehyde is the aromatic compound that gives cinnamon its distinctive flavor and provides powerful blood glucose regulation, antimicrobial properties, and cardiovascular benefits while supporting metabolic health and reducing inflammation.
Alternative Names: Trans-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic aldehyde, 3-Phenyl-2-propenal, Cinnamal
Categories: Phenylpropanoid, Aldehyde, Essential oil component, Phytochemical
Primary Longevity Benefits
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- Cardiovascular protection
- Metabolic regulation
Secondary Benefits
- Antimicrobial
- Blood glucose regulation
- Lipid profile improvement
- Vasodilation
- Digestive health
- Neuroprotection
Mechanism of Action
Cinnamaldehyde exerts its diverse biological effects through multiple molecular mechanisms. As a potent anti-inflammatory agent, cinnamaldehyde inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, a master regulator of inflammation, by preventing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB, which keeps NF-κB sequestered in the cytoplasm. This prevents the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and subsequent expression of pro-inflammatory genes including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2. Cinnamaldehyde also inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway, particularly the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, further reducing inflammatory responses.
Its antioxidant properties stem from both direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defense systems through activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. This increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In the cardiovascular system, cinnamaldehyde induces vasodilation through multiple mechanisms, including endothelium-dependent relaxation via increased nitric oxide (NO) production, activation of potassium channels, and inhibition of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. It also exhibits anti-platelet aggregation effects by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation and calcium mobilization.
For metabolic regulation, cinnamaldehyde enhances insulin sensitivity by activating insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increasing glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell membrane, facilitating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. It also activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, which promotes fatty acid oxidation and reduces lipid accumulation. In the pancreas, cinnamaldehyde protects β-cells from oxidative damage and enhances insulin secretion. Its antimicrobial properties are attributed to its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, inhibit essential enzymes, and interfere with quorum sensing systems.
In the central nervous system, cinnamaldehyde crosses the blood-brain barrier and exhibits neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and preventing protein aggregation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It also modulates the activity of ion channels and neurotransmitter systems, which may contribute to its effects on cognitive function and mood regulation.
Optimal Dosage
Disclaimer: The following dosage information is for educational purposes only. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions, are pregnant or nursing, or are taking medications.
The optimal dosage of cinnamaldehyde varies depending on the form and intended use. As a component of cinnamon supplements, cinnamaldehyde is typically consumed at 20-200 mg per day, with most clinical studies using doses in the range of 50-100 mg daily. Pure cinnamaldehyde supplementation is less common and should be approached with caution due to potential irritation at higher concentrations.
By Condition
| Condition | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose management | 50-100 mg cinnamaldehyde daily (equivalent to 1-3 g of cinnamon bark) | Lower doses may be effective when combined with other glucose-regulating compounds. Effects are typically observed after 4-8 weeks of consistent supplementation. |
| Cardiovascular health | 40-80 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | For vasodilation and blood pressure benefits, consistent daily supplementation is recommended. May be more effective when combined with other cardiovascular-supportive compounds. |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | 50-150 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | Higher doses within this range may be more effective for acute inflammatory conditions, while lower doses are suitable for chronic inflammation management. |
| Antimicrobial support | 100-200 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | Higher doses are typically used for antimicrobial effects, but should be monitored for potential gastrointestinal irritation. |
| Digestive health | 20-50 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | Lower doses are often sufficient for digestive benefits and may help reduce the risk of gastrointestinal irritation. |
By Age Group
| Age Group | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (18-65 years) | 20-200 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | Start with lower doses and gradually increase as tolerated. |
| Older adults (>65 years) | 20-100 mg cinnamaldehyde daily | Lower doses are recommended for older adults due to potential increased sensitivity and altered metabolism. |
| Children and adolescents (<18 years) | Not recommended | Safety and efficacy have not been established in pediatric populations. |
Bioavailability
Absorption Rate
Cinnamaldehyde has moderate oral bioavailability, estimated at 20-35% when consumed in standard supplement forms. It is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, with peak plasma concentrations typically reached within 1-2 hours after ingestion.
Metabolism
Once absorbed, cinnamaldehyde undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. The primary metabolic pathways include oxidation to cinnamic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase, reduction to cinnamyl alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase, and conjugation with glutathione. These metabolites, particularly cinnamic acid, may contribute to some of the biological effects attributed to cinnamaldehyde. A portion of cinnamaldehyde may also be excreted unchanged in the urine.
Distribution
Cinnamaldehyde is moderately lipophilic, allowing it to cross cell membranes and distribute to various tissues. It can cross the blood-brain barrier, though in limited amounts. Due to its reactive aldehyde group, it may form adducts with proteins and other biomolecules, which can influence its tissue distribution and half-life.
Elimination
The elimination half-life of cinnamaldehyde is relatively short, approximately 4-6 hours. Most metabolites are excreted in the urine, with a smaller portion eliminated through fecal excretion.
Enhancement Methods
Consumption with a small amount of dietary fat can enhance absorption due to cinnamaldehyde’s lipophilic nature, Liposomal formulations can increase bioavailability by up to 3-fold, Nanoparticle encapsulation may protect cinnamaldehyde from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, Cyclodextrin complexation can improve stability and solubility, Combination with piperine (black pepper extract) may inhibit hepatic metabolism and increase bioavailability, Emulsified forms can improve dispersion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
Timing Recommendations
For optimal absorption, cinnamaldehyde supplements are best taken with meals, particularly those containing some fat content. For blood glucose management, taking cinnamaldehyde 15-30 minutes before meals may enhance its effects on postprandial glucose levels. For general health benefits, consistent daily supplementation is more important than specific timing. Dividing the daily dose into two administrations (morning and evening) may help maintain more consistent blood levels throughout the day.
Safety Profile
Safety Rating
General Safety
Cinnamaldehyde is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA when used in food amounts. As a supplement ingredient, it has a moderate safety profile with some cautions at higher doses. Most adverse effects are mild and dose-dependent.
Side Effects
- Gastrointestinal irritation (most common): nausea, stomach discomfort, heartburn
- Mucosal irritation: burning sensation in mouth or throat
- Contact dermatitis (when applied topically)
- Allergic reactions (rare): skin rash, itching, swelling
- Hypoglycemia (rare): may occur in individuals taking anti-diabetic medications
- Increased heart rate (at high doses)
- Liver enzyme elevation (rare, at very high doses)
Contraindications
- Known allergy or hypersensitivity to cinnamon or cinnamaldehyde
- Severe liver disease
- Pregnancy and lactation (due to limited safety data)
- Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks before due to potential blood-thinning effects)
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or peptic ulcer disease (may exacerbate symptoms)
- Individuals with bleeding disorders
Drug Interactions
- Antidiabetic medications (may enhance hypoglycemic effects)
- Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs (may enhance blood-thinning effects)
- Hepatotoxic medications (potential additive effects on liver function)
- Medications metabolized by CYP450 enzymes (potential for altered drug metabolism)
- Antihypertensive medications (may enhance blood pressure-lowering effects)
- NSAIDs (may increase risk of gastrointestinal irritation)
Upper Limit
The upper tolerable limit for cinnamaldehyde has not been officially established. However, based on available research, daily intake should generally not exceed 200 mg of pure cinnamaldehyde or 6 g of cinnamon bark (containing approximately 300 mg cinnamaldehyde) to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Individuals with sensitive gastrointestinal systems may need to limit intake to lower amounts.
Special Populations
Pregnant Women: Not recommended due to insufficient safety data and potential uterine stimulant effects.
Nursing Mothers: Not recommended due to insufficient safety data and unknown effects on infants.
Children: Not recommended as a supplement for children under 18 years.
Elderly: May be more sensitive to effects; should start with lower doses and monitor for adverse reactions.
Liver Disease: Use with caution due to hepatic metabolism; lower doses recommended.
Kidney Disease: Limited data available; use with caution and monitor kidney function.
Toxicity
Acute toxicity of cinnamaldehyde is low to moderate. The oral LD50 in rats is approximately 2,220 mg/kg body weight. Chronic toxicity studies suggest potential liver effects at very high doses over extended periods. No carcinogenic or mutagenic effects have been observed at typical supplemental doses.
Safety Monitoring
For individuals taking cinnamaldehyde supplements regularly, monitoring of liver function tests, blood glucose levels (especially in diabetics), and blood pressure may be advisable, particularly when using higher doses or for extended periods.
Regulatory Status
Fda Status
Classification: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
Status Details: Cinnamaldehyde is FDA-approved for use as a food additive (21 CFR 182.60) and is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) when used in food amounts. As a dietary supplement ingredient, it falls under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which does not require pre-market approval for dietary supplements containing ingredients marketed in the U.S. prior to 1994.
Usage Limitations: No specific limitations for dietary supplement use, but food additive use is limited to levels not exceeding good manufacturing practice. Typical food concentrations range from 8-76 ppm.
Labeling Requirements: Must be listed on supplement facts panel. No approved health claims specific to cinnamaldehyde exist, though structure/function claims may be made with appropriate disclaimer.
International Status
Eu
- Food flavoring substance (FL No. 05.014)
- Approved for use in food under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. As a supplement ingredient, it falls under the Food Supplements Directive 2002/46/EC.
- Maximum permitted levels in various food categories are specified in Annex III of Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008.
- Not considered a novel food as it has a history of consumption in the EU before May 15, 1997.
Canada
- Natural Health Product Ingredient
- Listed in the Natural Health Products Ingredients Database with a medicinal role. Cinnamon bark, which contains cinnamaldehyde, has approved traditional uses for digestive support.
- No specific upper limit established, but products must meet safety requirements under the Natural Health Products Regulations.
- Included in the Cinnamon monograph, which specifies approved uses and doses for cinnamon preparations.
Australia
- Listed Medicine Ingredient
- Permitted ingredient in listed complementary medicines regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).
- Must comply with the requirements in the Therapeutic Goods (Permissible Ingredients) Determination.
- Products containing cinnamaldehyde may require specific labeling regarding potential allergic reactions.
Japan
- Existing Food Additive
- Approved as a food additive. As a supplement ingredient, it is regulated under the Food with Health Claims system.
- No specific upper limit for supplements, but must meet general safety requirements.
- None specific to cinnamaldehyde.
China
- Food Additive and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ingredient
- Regulated by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) when used in Traditional Chinese Medicine preparations and by the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) when used as a food additive.
- Specific limitations apply to food additive use. For TCM preparations, must conform to Chinese Pharmacopoeia specifications.
- Registration required for health food products containing cinnamaldehyde.
Safety Assessments
Jecfa
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- Evaluated cinnamaldehyde and established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-1.25 mg/kg body weight.
- 2000 (most recent evaluation)
- Considered safe at current levels of intake when used as a flavoring agent.
Efsa
- European Food Safety Authority
- Evaluated cinnamaldehyde as a flavoring substance and concluded no safety concerns at estimated levels of intake.
- 2008 (updated in 2017)
- Noted potential for sensitization in susceptible individuals.
Fema
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association
- Assigned FEMA GRAS status (No. 2286) to cinnamaldehyde.
- Reaffirmed in 2011
- Considered safe for intended use as a flavor ingredient.
Regulatory Trends
Current Developments: Regulatory bodies are increasingly focusing on the safety of isolated plant compounds versus whole plant extracts. There is growing interest in establishing specific upper limits for cinnamaldehyde in dietary supplements based on emerging safety data.
Future Outlook: Increased regulatory scrutiny of cinnamaldehyde is likely, particularly regarding potential allergenicity and appropriate dosing ranges. Harmonization of international regulations may occur as more safety data becomes available.
Industry Response: Supplement manufacturers are increasingly adopting standardized testing methods for cinnamaldehyde content and implementing stricter quality control measures to ensure consistent dosing and purity.
Synergistic Compounds
| Compound | Synergy Mechanism | Evidence Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Eugenol | Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde together demonstrate enhanced anti-inflammatory effects through complementary inhibition of different inflammatory pathways. While cinnamaldehyde primarily targets NF-κB signaling, eugenol more strongly inhibits COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes. Together, they provide broader spectrum anti-inflammatory activity than either compound alone. | 3 |
| Piperine | Piperine enhances the bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde by inhibiting hepatic metabolism and increasing intestinal absorption. This results in higher plasma concentrations and prolonged half-life of cinnamaldehyde, potentially enhancing its therapeutic effects at lower doses. | 3 |
| Berberine | Cinnamaldehyde and berberine work synergistically to improve glucose metabolism. While cinnamaldehyde enhances insulin sensitivity through AMPK activation and GLUT4 translocation, berberine primarily inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Together, they provide more comprehensive glycemic control than either compound alone. | 3 |
| Curcumin | Cinnamaldehyde and curcumin demonstrate synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Both activate the Nrf2 pathway but through different mechanisms, resulting in enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes. They also complement each other in inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, and STAT signaling. | 3 |
| Quercetin | Quercetin enhances cinnamaldehyde’s cardiovascular benefits through complementary mechanisms. While cinnamaldehyde primarily induces vasodilation through NO production and calcium channel modulation, quercetin strengthens vascular integrity, reduces oxidative stress in endothelial cells, and inhibits platelet aggregation through different pathways. | 2 |
| Alpha-lipoic acid | Alpha-lipoic acid regenerates other antioxidants and enhances cinnamaldehyde’s effects on glucose metabolism. Together, they provide more comprehensive protection against oxidative stress and more effectively activate insulin signaling pathways than either compound alone. | 2 |
| Zinc | Zinc enhances cinnamaldehyde’s effects on immune function and glucose metabolism. Cinnamaldehyde improves zinc absorption and utilization, while zinc potentiates cinnamaldehyde’s insulin-mimetic effects and antimicrobial properties. | 2 |
| Chromium | Chromium and cinnamaldehyde work synergistically to improve insulin sensitivity. Chromium enhances insulin receptor signaling, while cinnamaldehyde increases GLUT4 translocation and activates AMPK. Together, they provide more effective glycemic control than either alone. | 2 |
| Coenzyme Q10 | CoQ10 enhances cinnamaldehyde’s cardiovascular benefits by improving mitochondrial function and energy production in cardiomyocytes, while cinnamaldehyde complements this by reducing oxidative stress and improving vascular function. | 2 |
| Probiotics (particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species) | Cinnamaldehyde acts as a prebiotic that selectively promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic species. Probiotics, in turn, may enhance the metabolism and absorption of cinnamaldehyde and its metabolites, increasing its bioavailability and effectiveness. | 2 |
Antagonistic Compounds
| Compound | Interaction Type | Evidence Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Iron supplements | Cinnamaldehyde may chelate iron, potentially reducing its absorption when taken simultaneously. This interaction is more significant with non-heme iron sources. | 2 |
| Calcium supplements | High doses of calcium may interfere with cinnamaldehyde absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially reducing its bioavailability. | 2 |
| Antacids and proton pump inhibitors | By increasing gastric pH, these compounds may alter the stability and absorption of cinnamaldehyde, potentially reducing its effectiveness. | 2 |
| Glutathione-depleting compounds | Cinnamaldehyde metabolism involves conjugation with glutathione. Compounds that deplete glutathione (e.g., acetaminophen at high doses) may alter cinnamaldehyde metabolism and potentially increase risk of adverse effects. | 2 |
| CYP450 inducers | Compounds that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., St. John’s Wort, rifampin) may accelerate cinnamaldehyde metabolism, potentially reducing its effectiveness. | 2 |
| High-dose vitamin E supplements | Some research suggests that high doses of vitamin E may counteract certain metabolic benefits of cinnamaldehyde, particularly its effects on glucose metabolism. | 1 |
| Sulfur-containing amino acids (high doses) | Cinnamaldehyde can react with sulfhydryl groups in proteins and amino acids. Very high doses of sulfur-containing amino acids might reduce cinnamaldehyde bioavailability through direct chemical interactions. | 1 |
| Certain probiotic strains | While some probiotic strains work synergistically with cinnamaldehyde, others (particularly certain strains of E. coli and Enterococcus) may be inhibited by cinnamaldehyde’s antimicrobial properties, potentially disrupting beneficial gut microbiota. | 2 |
| Alcohol | Alcohol consumption may compete for aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes involved in cinnamaldehyde metabolism, potentially altering its pharmacokinetics and increasing risk of adverse effects. | 2 |
| Certain anticoagulant herbs | When combined with herbs that have strong anticoagulant properties (e.g., high-dose ginkgo biloba, garlic supplements), cinnamaldehyde may contribute to an additive effect on bleeding risk that exceeds therapeutic benefit. | 2 |
Cost Efficiency
Relative Cost
Medium
Cost Per Effective Dose
Range: $0.20 – $1.50 per day
Details: The cost varies significantly based on formulation, purity, and whether cinnamaldehyde is provided as an isolated compound or as part of a standardized cinnamon extract. Synthetic cinnamaldehyde is generally less expensive than naturally-derived cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon essential oil.
Price Comparison
| Form | Typical Price | Cost Per Effective Dose | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized cinnamon extract (20% cinnamaldehyde) | $15-30 for 60 capsules (500 mg each) | $0.25-0.50 per day | Most cost-effective option for general health benefits; provides additional beneficial compounds from cinnamon |
| Pure cinnamaldehyde capsules | $25-45 for 60 capsules (50-100 mg each) | $0.40-1.50 per day | Higher cost but provides precise dosing; may be preferred for specific therapeutic applications |
| Cinnamon essential oil (60-80% cinnamaldehyde) | $8-20 per 15 mL bottle | $0.20-0.60 per day | Versatile but requires careful dosing; not recommended for direct internal use without proper dilution |
| Liposomal cinnamaldehyde | $35-60 for 30 servings | $1.15-2.00 per day | Most expensive option but offers enhanced bioavailability; may provide better results at lower doses |
Value Analysis
Cost Effectiveness Rating: 3.5/5
Analysis: Cinnamaldehyde offers moderate to good value for its cost, particularly when obtained through standardized cinnamon extracts rather than as an isolated compound. For metabolic health benefits, the cost-to-benefit ratio is favorable compared to many pharmaceutical interventions for similar conditions. For cardiovascular benefits, the value proposition is moderate, with some effects being achievable through dietary cinnamon consumption at even lower cost. The value is enhanced when considering cinnamaldehyde’s multiple mechanisms of action and diverse health benefits, which may reduce the need for multiple separate supplements.
Cost Saving Strategies: Choosing standardized cinnamon extracts with guaranteed cinnamaldehyde content rather than pure cinnamaldehyde supplements, Selecting products with enhanced bioavailability formulations, which may allow for lower effective doses, Combining with synergistic compounds like berberine or chromium to enhance effects at lower doses, For mild benefits, incorporating culinary cinnamon into the diet may be more cost-effective than supplementation, Bulk purchasing of high-quality products can reduce per-dose costs
Market Trends
Price Trends: The cost of cinnamaldehyde supplements has remained relatively stable over the past five years, with slight increases in premium formulations (liposomal, nano-encapsulated) offset by decreasing costs of standard formulations as manufacturing processes improve.
Availability: Widely available through specialty supplement retailers and online marketplaces. Limited availability in conventional pharmacies and grocery stores.
Emerging Formulations: New formulations focusing on enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery are entering the market at premium price points but may offer better value through increased efficacy at lower doses.
Economic Impact Of Benefits
Potential Healthcare Savings: Regular cinnamaldehyde supplementation may contribute to reduced healthcare costs related to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular conditions. Studies suggest potential savings in medication costs for individuals with prediabetes or mild hypertension, though more research is needed to quantify these savings precisely.
Productivity Benefits: Potential indirect economic benefits through improved metabolic health and reduced sick days, though these effects are difficult to quantify and require long-term consistent supplementation.
Comparison To Alternatives
| Alternative | Relative Cost | Comparative Effectiveness | Value Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berberine | Similar to slightly higher | Similar effectiveness for blood glucose management; cinnamaldehyde may offer broader cardiovascular benefits | Comparable value; choice may depend on individual response and specific health goals |
| Alpha-lipoic acid | Similar | Complementary mechanisms; alpha-lipoic acid may have stronger antioxidant effects while cinnamaldehyde has stronger anti-inflammatory properties | Good value when used in combination; moderate value when choosing one over the other |
| Pharmaceutical metformin (for blood glucose management) | Higher than generic metformin, lower than some branded diabetes medications | Less potent than metformin for glucose management but offers additional cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits | Good complementary value; poor value as a sole replacement for prescribed medications |
| Dietary cinnamon | Much higher | More consistent dosing and potentially higher bioavailability than culinary cinnamon | Moderate value for therapeutic purposes; poor value for general health maintenance achievable through diet |
Stability Information
Shelf Life
Pure cinnamaldehyde has a shelf life of approximately 2-3 years when properly stored. In supplement formulations, shelf life typically ranges from 1-2 years, depending on the specific formulation, packaging, and storage conditions.
Storage Recommendations
Cinnamaldehyde should be stored in airtight, amber glass containers to protect from light, oxygen, and moisture. Optimal storage temperature is 15-25°C (59-77°F). Refrigeration (2-8°C) can extend shelf life but may cause crystallization, which can be reversed by gentle warming. Avoid freezing, as this may alter the chemical structure and efficacy.
Degradation Factors
| Factor | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidation | Primary degradation pathway; cinnamaldehyde oxidizes to cinnamic acid when exposed to air, resulting in loss of potency and potential changes in biological activity. | Use of antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E, rosemary extract) in formulations; nitrogen flushing of containers; airtight packaging. |
| Light exposure | UV and visible light accelerate oxidation and may cause polymerization, leading to reduced potency and formation of precipitates. | Amber or opaque containers; storage away from direct light; light-protective packaging. |
| Heat | Temperatures above 30°C accelerate degradation and may cause polymerization or isomerization from trans to cis form, reducing bioactivity. | Temperature-controlled storage; avoidance of heat during processing and shipping. |
| Moisture | Can promote hydrolysis of the aldehyde group and accelerate oxidation reactions. | Desiccants in packaging; airtight containers; low-humidity storage environments. |
| pH extremes | Cinnamaldehyde is most stable at slightly acidic to neutral pH (5-7). Strongly acidic or alkaline conditions accelerate degradation. | pH buffering in liquid formulations; appropriate excipient selection. |
| Metal ions | Certain metal ions (particularly iron and copper) catalyze oxidation reactions. | Use of chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) in formulations; avoidance of metal packaging. |
Stability In Different Formulations
| Formulation | Stability | Shelf Life | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil-based liquids | Good to excellent; oil provides protection against oxidation and hydrolysis. | 18-36 months | Most stable form for cinnamaldehyde; carrier oil selection affects stability (MCT oil provides better stability than vegetable oils high in polyunsaturated fats). |
| Water-based liquids | Poor to fair; prone to phase separation and microbial growth. | 6-12 months | Requires emulsifiers, preservatives, and antioxidants; stability improved by microencapsulation. |
| Powder/capsules | Fair to good; depends on excipients and encapsulation technology. | 12-24 months | Microencapsulation or cyclodextrin complexation significantly improves stability; hygroscopic excipients should be avoided. |
| Softgels | Good; gelatin shell provides barrier against oxygen and moisture. | 18-30 months | Addition of antioxidants in the fill material further improves stability. |
| Enteric-coated formulations | Good to excellent; coating provides protection against environmental factors. | 24-36 months | Protects cinnamaldehyde from degradation in gastric environment; improves targeted delivery to intestine. |
Stability Testing Methods
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantitative analysis of cinnamaldehyde content over time, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for detection of degradation products, Accelerated stability testing at elevated temperatures (40°C/75% RH) to predict long-term stability, Real-time stability testing under recommended storage conditions, Photostability testing under defined light conditions, Freeze-thaw cycle testing for liquid formulations
Reconstitution Stability
For powdered formulations requiring reconstitution, cinnamaldehyde stability in the reconstituted solution is typically limited to 24-48 hours at room temperature or 3-5 days under refrigeration. Immediate use after reconstitution is recommended for optimal potency.
Sourcing
Synthesis Methods
| Method | Description | Purity | Sustainability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aldol condensation | The most common industrial method, involving the condensation of benzaldehyde with acetaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide, followed by dehydration. | 95-99% | Moderate; uses petrochemical-derived starting materials but is relatively efficient |
| Perkin reaction | Reaction of benzaldehyde with acetic anhydride in the presence of sodium acetate, followed by reduction of the resulting cinnamic acid. | 90-95% | Low to moderate; multiple steps and reagents required |
| Heck reaction | Palladium-catalyzed coupling of styrene with acrolein or similar aldehydes. | 95-98% | Low; requires precious metal catalysts and produces metal waste |
| Biocatalytic synthesis | Emerging method using engineered enzymes or microorganisms to produce cinnamaldehyde from renewable feedstocks. | 90-99% | High; uses renewable resources and produces minimal waste |
Natural Sources
| Source | Concentration | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon) | 1.0-3.5% of bark by weight, highest among cinnamon species | Most commonly used commercial source due to high cinnamaldehyde content |
| Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) | 0.5-1.8% of bark by weight | Contains lower cinnamaldehyde levels but is often preferred for culinary use due to milder flavor |
| Cinnamomum burmannii (Indonesian cinnamon) | 0.8-2.5% of bark by weight | Widely used in commercial cinnamon products |
| Cinnamomum loureiroi (Vietnamese cinnamon) | 1.0-3.0% of bark by weight | Known for its sweet and spicy flavor profile |
| Myroxylon balsamum (Balsam of Peru) | 0.05-0.5% of resin | Minor source, primarily used in perfumery |
| Hyacinthus orientalis (Hyacinth) | Trace amounts in flowers | Not commercially viable as a cinnamaldehyde source |
Extraction Methods
Steam distillation
Supercritical CO2 extraction
Solvent extraction
Microwave-assisted extraction
Quality Considerations
High-quality cinnamaldehyde should have a purity of at least 95% for synthetic sources and at least 90% for natural extracts. Key quality indicators include color (pale yellow to light amber), odor (characteristic sweet, spicy cinnamon aroma), and absence of impurities such as benzaldehyde, styrene, or heavy metals. For natural extracts, the ratio of trans-cinnamaldehyde to cis-cinnamaldehyde is important, with trans form being predominant in high-quality sources. Sustainable sourcing should consider environmental impact of extraction methods, fair trade practices for natural sources, and responsible use of chemicals in synthesis. Organic certification is valuable for natural sources to ensure absence of pesticide residues.
Geographical Considerations
The highest quality cinnamon bark for cinnamaldehyde extraction comes from Sri Lanka (Ceylon cinnamon), Vietnam, and specific regions of China. Climate, soil conditions, and harvesting practices significantly affect cinnamaldehyde content in the bark. Sustainable harvesting practices are particularly important for cinnamon species, as bark harvesting can damage or kill trees if not done properly.
Historical Usage
Traditional Medicine
Chinese Medicine
- Treatment of cold extremities and poor circulation
- Relief of abdominal pain and digestive disorders
- Management of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea
- Support for kidney yang deficiency
- Treatment of certain types of infertility
Ayurvedic Medicine
- Treatment of respiratory conditions, particularly those with excess mucus
- Management of digestive disorders, including bloating and indigestion
- Support for healthy blood sugar levels
- Relief of joint pain and arthritis
- Enhancement of circulation
Middle Eastern Medicine
- Treatment of colds and respiratory infections
- Management of digestive disorders
- Enhancement of male vitality
- Relief of menstrual discomfort
- Support for cardiovascular health
European Herbalism
- Treatment of digestive complaints
- Relief of colds and flu symptoms
- Use as a carminative to prevent gas and bloating
- Application as a warming stimulant
- Use as a flavoring agent for less palatable medicines
Culinary History
Description: While not directly related to its supplement use, cinnamon’s culinary history is relevant as it represents the primary historical exposure of humans to cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamon has been used as a spice for thousands of years, valued not only for its flavor but also for its food preservative properties, which are now known to be largely due to cinnamaldehyde’s antimicrobial effects.
Notable Uses: Ancient Egypt: Used in embalming processes and as a flavoring for beverages, Medieval Europe: Highly prized luxury spice, sometimes valued higher than gold, Colonial Americas: Important trade commodity and flavoring for both sweet and savory dishes, Global cuisines: Incorporated into traditional dishes across cultures, from Mexican chocolate to Indian curries to Middle Eastern lamb dishes
Modern Discovery
Isolation: Cinnamaldehyde was first isolated from cinnamon oil by Dumas and Péligot in 1834, representing one of the earlier examples of natural product isolation in organic chemistry.
Structure Elucidation: Its chemical structure was correctly determined in the late 19th century, with confirmation of the trans configuration of the double bond.
Pharmacological Research: Systematic investigation of cinnamaldehyde’s biological activities began in the mid-20th century, with significant acceleration of research in the 1980s and 1990s as analytical techniques improved.
Key Discoveries: 1970s: Identification of cinnamaldehyde as the primary antimicrobial component in cinnamon, 1990s: Discovery of its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, 2000s: Elucidation of its anti-inflammatory mechanisms and cardiovascular effects, 2010s: Identification of its effects on gut microbiota and potential neuroprotective properties
Industrial Applications
Description: Beyond medicinal and culinary uses, cinnamaldehyde has been utilized in various industrial applications, which has contributed to the understanding of its properties and safety profile.
Applications: Flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and oral care products, Fragrance component in perfumes, cosmetics, and household products, Agricultural fungicide and insect repellent, Corrosion inhibitor for metals, Starting material for organic synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other compounds
Supplement History
Emergence: While cinnamon has been used in traditional medicine for millennia, the specific use of isolated cinnamaldehyde as a dietary supplement is relatively recent, emerging primarily in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Development: Initial supplement formulations typically used cinnamon extracts standardized for cinnamaldehyde content rather than isolated cinnamaldehyde. Pure cinnamaldehyde supplements became more common in the 2010s as manufacturing techniques improved and research on its specific benefits expanded.
Current Status: Today, cinnamaldehyde is available both as a component of standardized cinnamon extracts and as an isolated compound in various supplement formulations. Research continues to expand on its potential health benefits and optimal delivery methods.
Scientific Evidence
Evidence Rating
Summary
Scientific evidence for cinnamaldehyde’s health benefits is moderate, with strong preclinical data but limited high-quality clinical trials
specifically examining isolated cinnamaldehyde (as opposed to whole cinnamon). In vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and metabolic regulatory effects. Human clinical evidence is stronger for whole cinnamon than for isolated cinnamaldehyde, though pharmacokinetic studies confirm that many of cinnamon’s effects are attributable to its cinnamaldehyde content.
Key Studies
Meta Analyses
No meta-analyses specifically focusing on isolated cinnamaldehyde have been published. Several meta-analyses on cinnamon supplementation exist, which indirectly provide evidence for cinnamaldehyde’s effects as the primary bioactive component.
Ongoing Trials
Clinical trial NCT04667377: ‘Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetic Individuals’ (estimated completion 2024), Clinical trial NCT04789759: ‘Cinnamaldehyde Supplementation for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction’ (recruiting phase)
Research Gaps
Long-term safety and efficacy studies of isolated cinnamaldehyde in humans, Optimal dosing strategies for specific health conditions, Comparative effectiveness studies between cinnamaldehyde and whole cinnamon extracts, Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies of different cinnamaldehyde formulations, Effects on gut microbiota composition and function in humans, Potential synergistic effects with other bioactive compounds
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