Goji Berry Extract

• Antioxidant protection
• Immune system support
• Neuroprotection
• Vision health

• Liver protection
• Blood sugar regulation
• Cardiovascular health
• Energy and stamina
• Mood enhancement
• Skin health

Goji berry extract exerts its diverse biological effects through multiple bioactive compounds, with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) being the most extensively studied. LBPs function as potent immunomodulators by activating macrophages, enhancing natural killer cell activity, and stimulating the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). This immune-enhancing effect occurs through activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The antioxidant properties of goji berry extract stem from both direct and indirect mechanisms.

Directly, its rich content of carotenoids (particularly zeaxanthin and beta-carotene), flavonoids, and phenolic acids neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Indirectly, goji extract upregulates endogenous antioxidant defense systems by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. For neuroprotection, goji berry extract inhibits neuronal apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reducing caspase-3 activation. It also promotes neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF).

Additionally, LBPs protect against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In vision health, the high zeaxanthin content accumulates in the macula of the eye, filtering harmful blue light and reducing oxidative damage to retinal cells. Zeaxanthin also stabilizes cell membranes and improves microcirculation in ocular tissues. For metabolic regulation, goji berry extract enhances insulin sensitivity by activating insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways.

It also inhibits glucose absorption in the intestine by downregulating sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). In liver protection, goji extract reduces hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). It also enhances phase II detoxification enzymes through Nrf2 activation. For cardiovascular health, goji berry extract improves endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production through enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity.

It also inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces inflammation in vascular tissues. The anti-aging effects of goji berry extract involve multiple mechanisms, including reduction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inhibition of telomere shortening, and activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a longevity-associated protein. Additionally, goji extract modulates gut microbiota composition, promoting beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, which may contribute to its systemic health benefits through improved gut barrier function and reduced inflammation.

The optimal dosage of goji berry extract varies depending on the form and intended use. For dried goji berries, traditional Chinese medicine recommends 6-15 grams daily. For standardized extracts (typically standardized to polysaccharide content), dosages range from 100-500 mg taken 1-3 times daily. For goji berry juice, 30-60 ml daily is commonly recommended. Clinical studies have used varying dosages, but most beneficial effects have been observed in the ranges mentioned above.

The bioavailability of goji berry extract varies significantly depending on the specific bioactive compounds. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), the primary active components, have relatively low oral bioavailability (estimated at 5-15%) due to their large molecular weight and hydrophilic nature, which limits passive diffusion across intestinal membranes. Smaller molecular weight compounds like zeaxanthin and other carotenoids have moderate bioavailability (estimated at 10-30%), which is enhanced

when consumed with dietary fats. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds in goji berries typically have bioavailability ranging from 5-25%, with significant variability based on their specific chemical structures.

Consuming goji berries or extracts with a source of healthy fat (e.g., nuts, seeds, olive oil) significantly enhances the absorption of fat-soluble components like zeaxanthin and other carotenoids, Fermentation of goji berries can increase bioavailability by breaking down complex polysaccharides into smaller, more absorbable units, Liposomal delivery systems can substantially improve the bioavailability of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds in goji extract, Micronization of goji powder increases surface area and may enhance dissolution and absorption rates, Combining with black pepper extract (piperine) may inhibit certain metabolic enzymes and increase bioavailability of some compounds, Heat processing (cooking or drying) can increase the bioavailability of certain carotenoids by breaking down cell walls, Consuming with vitamin C may enhance the absorption and utilization of certain flavonoids, Standardized extracts with optimized particle size and solubility characteristics generally offer improved bioavailability compared to whole berries

For general health benefits, goji berry extract can be taken at any time of day, with or between meals. For maximum absorption of fat-soluble components (carotenoids), taking with a meal containing healthy fats is recommended. For blood sugar regulation, taking 15-30 minutes before meals may be most effective. For energy support, morning consumption is often recommended.

For sleep support (a traditional use in some cultures), evening consumption may be preferred. Dividing the daily dose into 2-3 smaller doses throughout the day may provide more consistent blood levels of bioactive compounds compared to a single large dose. Consistency in daily consumption appears to be more important than specific timing for many of the long-term benefits of goji berry extract.

• Mild digestive discomfort (occasional)
• Allergic reactions (rare, more common in individuals with allergies to other nightshade family plants)
• Mild dizziness or headache (rare)
• Increased photosensitivity (rare)
• Insomnia if taken late in the day (rare, in sensitive individuals)
• Mild skin rash (rare)

• Known allergy to goji berries or other members of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (insufficient safety data, though traditionally used in some cultures)
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks before due to potential effects on blood glucose and blood clotting)
• Diabetes (may require medication adjustment due to hypoglycemic effects)
• Hypertension (may require medication adjustment due to potential blood pressure-lowering effects)
• Bleeding disorders (due to mild anticoagulant effects)

• Anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications (e.g., warfarin, aspirin) – may enhance blood-thinning effects
• Antidiabetic medications (e.g., metformin, insulin) – may enhance hypoglycemic effects
• Antihypertensive medications – may enhance blood pressure-lowering effects
• Immunosuppressant drugs – may counteract effects due to goji’s immune-stimulating properties
• CYP2C9 substrate medications – potential for altered drug metabolism
• MAO inhibitors – theoretical interaction due to goji’s mild monoamine content
• Medications for sleep (sedatives) – may either enhance or counteract effects

No established upper limit from regulatory bodies. Based on traditional use and available research, consumption of up to 30 grams of dried berries daily appears to be well-tolerated in most healthy adults. For standardized extracts, doses up to 1000 mg daily have been used in clinical studies without significant adverse effects. Long-term safety at high doses has not been well-established.

It’s advisable to stay within the recommended dosage range on product labels or as advised by healthcare providers.

In the United States, goji berries (Lycium barbarum) are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food products. As a dietary supplement, goji berry extract is regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which means it is not subject to pre-market approval for safety or efficacy. The FDA has not approved any specific health claims for goji berry supplements. Manufacturers are prohibited from marketing goji products with claims to treat, cure, or prevent any disease without FDA approval.

The FDA has issued warning letters to several companies for making unsubstantiated health claims about goji products, particularly related to cancer treatment, diabetes management, and weight loss.

Eu: In the European Union, dried goji berries have been consumed to a significant degree before May 15, 1997, and therefore are not considered novel foods. However, certain extracts or concentrated forms may fall under the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 if they were not consumed to a significant degree before this date. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has not approved any health claims for goji berries under Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Goji berries and extracts are permitted as food ingredients and dietary supplements, subject to general food safety regulations and the absence of unauthorized health claims.

Canada: Health Canada has approved goji berry as a natural health product (NHP) ingredient. It is listed in the Natural Health Products Ingredients Database with approved uses as a source of antioxidants and to help maintain good health. Product license applications for goji supplements must meet Canadian safety, efficacy, and quality requirements. Specific health claims require supporting evidence reviewed by Health Canada.

Australia: The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates goji products in Australia. Goji berry is listed in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as an acceptable ingredient in listed complementary medicines. Products containing goji must comply with quality and safety standards, and therapeutic claims must be supported by evidence. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) permits goji as a food ingredient.

China: As the primary country of origin for goji berries, China has specific regulations governing their cultivation, processing, and export. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia includes monographs for Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji) with quality specifications. Goji is classified as both a food and a traditional medicinal herb in China, allowing for broader marketing claims than in Western countries. China has established Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) specifically for goji cultivation to ensure quality and safety.

Japan: In Japan, goji berries may be regulated as Foods with Functional Claims (FFC) if scientific evidence supports specific health benefits. Otherwise, they are regulated as conventional foods or as ‘Foods with Health Claims’ depending on the marketing and formulation.

Medium to high

For dried goji berries: $0.50-$2.00 per 10g serving (typical daily dose), resulting in a daily cost of $0.50-$2.00. For standardized goji extract (capsules/tablets): $0.30-$1.00 per 250-500mg capsule, with an effective daily dose of 1-2 capsules, resulting in a daily cost of $0.30-$2.00. For goji juice: $1.00-$3.00 per 30ml serving, with an effective daily dose of 30-60ml, resulting in a daily cost of $1.00-$6.00.

Goji berry extract represents a moderate investment compared to many other antioxidant and adaptogenic supplements. The cost varies significantly based on form, quality, and source. Dried berries generally offer the best value in terms of cost per gram of active compounds, though standardized extracts may provide more concentrated and consistent levels of key bioactives like polysaccharides. Premium goji berries from the Ningxia region of China typically command higher prices but are often considered superior in quality and bioactive compound content.

Organic certification adds to the cost but reduces concerns about pesticide residues, which have been detected in some conventional goji products. When evaluating cost-effectiveness, it’s important to consider the standardization level of extracts, particularly the percentage of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), which are considered the primary active compounds. Products standardized to higher levels of LBPs (typically 20-40%) generally offer better value despite higher upfront costs. For general antioxidant support, other berry extracts or polyphenol-rich foods may offer similar benefits at lower cost.

However, goji’s unique polysaccharide profile and traditional use for specific benefits like vision support and immune modulation may justify the premium for these targeted applications. Bulk purchases of dried berries or powder can significantly reduce costs compared to pre-packaged or encapsulated products, though this requires measuring doses and may be less convenient. Subscription services from reputable suppliers often provide discounts of 10-20%, improving cost-efficiency for long-term users. Overall, goji berry extract offers moderate cost-efficiency as a supplement, with value improved when purchasing higher-quality products from reputable sources in bulk or through subscription services.

Dried goji berries typically have a shelf life of 12-24 months when properly stored. Freeze-dried goji powder generally remains stable for 18-24 months. Standardized extracts in capsule or tablet form may remain stable for 24-36 months, depending on the formulation and packaging. Liquid extracts and tinctures typically have a shelf life of 12-24 months, with some reduction in potency over time. Fresh goji berries are highly perishable with a shelf life of only 1-2 weeks under refrigeration.

Store dried goji berries and powders in airtight containers in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Refrigeration can extend shelf life, particularly in humid climates. Freeze-dried products are particularly sensitive to moisture and should be kept in airtight containers with desiccant packets if available. Standardized extracts in capsule or tablet form should be stored according to manufacturer recommendations, typically in a cool, dry place.

Some manufacturers recommend refrigeration after opening for liquid extracts and tinctures. Avoid exposure to air and light, which can accelerate oxidation of carotenoids and other sensitive compounds. If purchasing in bulk, consider dividing into smaller portions for storage, keeping the majority sealed until needed.

Heat: Temperatures above 30°C (86°F) can accelerate degradation of polysaccharides, carotenoids, and other bioactive compounds, Light: UV and visible light exposure causes degradation of carotenoids and other photosensitive compounds, Oxygen: Oxidation is a primary degradation pathway for many bioactive compounds in goji, particularly carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, Moisture: Increases the rate of hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation, and can promote microbial growth, pH extremes: Some compounds in goji extract are pH-sensitive, with stability generally better at slightly acidic pH, Enzymes: Polyphenol oxidase and other endogenous enzymes can degrade bioactive compounds if not properly inactivated during processing, Metal ions: Iron and copper ions can catalyze oxidation reactions, accelerating degradation, Microbial contamination: Can lead to degradation of compounds and production of off-flavors, Freeze-thaw cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing can damage cellular structures and release degradative enzymes

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

Goji berries have been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for over 2,000 years, first documented in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, an ancient Chinese text on agriculture and medicinal plants compiled around 200-250 CE. In TCM, goji berries (known as ‘gou qi zi’) are classified as a ‘superior tonic,’ the highest class of herbs believed to promote longevity, strengthen vital energy (qi), and nourish essential body systems when taken regularly. Traditional uses focused on nourishing the liver and kidneys, improving vision, strengthening the legs, enhancing fertility, and boosting overall vitality. Goji berries were traditionally prescribed for conditions including blurry vision, dry eyes, dizziness, nocturnal emissions, chronic cough, diabetes, and age-related decline.

They were often combined with other herbs in complex formulations tailored to specific health conditions. Beyond medicinal applications, goji berries were incorporated into daily diets throughout China, Tibet, and other parts of Asia as a nutritious food. They were commonly added to soups, rice porridge, teas, and medicinal wines. A popular traditional preparation involved simmering goji berries with chrysanthemum flowers to create a tea for vision support and liver health.

In Ningxia province, where the most prized goji berries are grown, locals traditionally consumed them daily for general health maintenance and longevity. According to folklore, one herbalist named Li Qing Yuen reportedly lived to be 252 years old (though this claim is unverified), attributing his longevity partly to daily goji berry consumption. The berries also featured in Taoist practices aimed at achieving longevity and spiritual enlightenment. Goji berries were introduced to Western countries in the early 2000s as a ‘superfood,’ though they had been available in Asian markets and natural food stores for decades prior.

The modern commercial popularity of goji berries represents a significant shift from their traditional use as part of holistic medicinal systems to their current marketing as an isolated superfood. Despite this commercialization, many of the traditional uses align with modern research findings on goji’s antioxidant, neuroprotective, and vision-supporting properties. In contemporary Chinese medicine, goji berries continue to be prescribed in traditional formulations while simultaneously being studied using modern scientific methods to validate and better understand their health benefits.

Limited meta-analyses specifically on goji berry extract due to the heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures, Goji berries are sometimes included in broader meta-analyses of berry polyphenols and their effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, A 2019 systematic review of clinical trials concluded that goji berry supplementation shows promising effects on antioxidant capacity, immune function, and eye health, but noted the need for larger, more rigorous studies

Investigation of goji berry extract on cognitive function in older adults, Effects of standardized goji extract on markers of cellular aging, Comparison of different goji berry preparations on bioavailability and bioactivity, Evaluation of goji berry supplementation on exercise performance and recovery, Goji berry extract for management of metabolic syndrome components