Hemp Seed Oil

• Cardiovascular health
• Anti-inflammatory
• Skin barrier support
• Hormonal balance

• Joint health
• Immune system modulation
• Neurological function
• Metabolic health
• Digestive health

Hemp seed oil exerts its biological effects primarily through its unique and balanced profile of essential fatty acids and other bioactive compounds. The oil is distinguished by its optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, typically ranging from 2:1 to 3:1, which is considered ideal for human health and significantly lower than the 15:1 to 20:1 ratio common in modern Western diets. This balanced ratio is central to hemp seed oil’s anti-inflammatory and health-promoting properties. The primary omega-6 fatty acid in hemp seed oil is linoleic acid (LA, 50-60%), which serves as a precursor for gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 1-4%).

GLA is a relatively rare fatty acid in the diet and is particularly valuable because it bypasses the delta-6-desaturase enzyme step in fatty acid metabolism, which can be impaired by aging, diabetes, alcohol consumption, and certain nutritional deficiencies. Once absorbed, GLA is rapidly converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), which serves as a precursor for anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, particularly prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and 15-hydroxy-DGLA. These compounds inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leukotrienes, contributing to hemp seed oil’s anti-inflammatory effects. The primary omega-3 fatty acid in hemp seed oil is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 15-25%), which can be converted in the body to the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), though this conversion is relatively inefficient in humans (typically less than 10%).

Despite this limited conversion, the ALA in hemp seed oil still contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties by competing with omega-6 fatty acids for the same metabolic enzymes, potentially reducing the production of pro-inflammatory compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Hemp seed oil also contains significant amounts of oleic acid (omega-9, 10-15%), which supports cardiovascular health through effects on cholesterol metabolism and endothelial function. Beyond its fatty acid profile, hemp seed oil contains various bioactive compounds including tocopherols (vitamin E), phytosterols, phospholipids, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. The tocopherols (primarily gamma-tocopherol) protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation and provide additional anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reduction of reactive nitrogen species.

Phytosterols in hemp seed oil may contribute to its cholesterol-lowering effects by competing with cholesterol for intestinal absorption. For skin health, hemp seed oil’s fatty acids are incorporated into cell membranes, improving barrier function and reducing transepidermal water loss. The GLA content is particularly beneficial for skin conditions characterized by inflammation and barrier dysfunction. In the context of hormonal balance, the GLA in hemp seed oil may influence prostaglandin production, potentially benefiting conditions like premenstrual syndrome.

It’s important to note that hemp seed oil contains negligible amounts of cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), distinguishing its mechanism of action from cannabis-derived oils that contain these compounds.

The optimal dosage of hemp seed oil has not been as extensively studied as some other oils like fish oil or flaxseed oil. However, based on available research and traditional usage, general recommendations can be made. For general health maintenance and to benefit from its balanced essential fatty acid profile, 1-2 tablespoons (15-30 ml) of hemp seed oil daily is commonly recommended. This provides approximately 14-28 grams of oil, containing roughly 7-16 grams of linoleic acid (LA), 2-7 grams of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and 0.2-1 gram of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA).

For therapeutic purposes, higher doses ranging from 2-4 tablespoons (30-60 ml) daily may be used, depending on the specific condition being addressed. When taken in capsule form, typical doses range from 3-6 capsules daily, with each capsule containing approximately 1000 mg of hemp seed oil.

Hemp seed oil has good bioavailability, with absorption rates of its fatty acids typically ranging from 70-90% when taken with food. The triglyceride form of fatty acids found naturally in hemp seed oil is well-absorbed by the digestive system. Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine, where pancreatic lipase enzymes break down the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which can then be absorbed by intestinal cells. The presence of phospholipids in hemp seed oil may enhance the absorption of its fatty acids, as phospholipids can form micelles that facilitate fat absorption.

Individual variations in absorption exist due to factors such as age, digestive health, genetic factors affecting fatty acid metabolism, and concurrent medications or supplements. The gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in hemp seed oil has the advantage of bypassing the delta-6-desaturase enzyme step in fatty acid metabolism, which can be a rate-limiting step for the conversion of linoleic acid to GLA, particularly in certain populations (elderly, diabetics, those with certain genetic variations).

Taking with a fat-containing meal increases absorption by stimulating bile release and pancreatic lipase activity, Consuming with foods containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) may enhance absorption of the long-chain fatty acids in hemp seed oil, Emulsified hemp seed oil products increase surface area for enzymatic action, potentially improving absorption, Consuming with lipase-containing foods (like avocados) or digestive enzyme supplements may enhance breakdown and absorption, particularly in individuals with compromised digestive function, Liposomal delivery systems encapsulate the oil in phospholipid vesicles, potentially enhancing cellular uptake, Dividing larger doses throughout the day improves absorption compared to a single large dose, Consuming with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C) may protect the unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation during digestion, Ensuring adequate bile production and flow through bitter herbs or cholagogues may improve fat absorption in some individuals, Avoiding high-fiber supplements at the same time, as fiber can bind to fatty acids and reduce absorption, Cold-pressed, unrefined hemp seed oil may have better bioavailability due to the presence of natural phospholipids and other compounds that support absorption

Hemp seed oil is best taken with meals, particularly those containing some fat, to maximize absorption by stimulating bile release and digestive enzyme secretion. For larger therapeutic doses (>2 tablespoons daily), dividing the dose between two or three meals throughout the day may improve overall absorption and reduce potential gastrointestinal side effects compared to a single large dose. Morning or midday administration is often preferred over evening dosing for metabolic benefits, though this effect varies between individuals. For skin conditions, consistent daily dosing is more important than specific timing, as the incorporation of fatty acids into cell membranes occurs over time with regular supplementation.

For inflammatory conditions, maintaining steady blood levels through consistent daily dosing with meals is recommended. For PMS symptoms, some practitioners recommend starting supplementation 7-10 days before expected menstruation and continuing throughout the cycle. If using hemp seed oil for culinary purposes, it should not be heated to high temperatures as this can damage the delicate polyunsaturated fatty acids. Instead, it’s best used for cold applications like salad dressings or added to foods after cooking.

If taking multiple supplements, separating hemp seed oil from iron supplements by at least 2 hours may be prudent, as iron can potentially promote oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids.

• Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, soft stools, abdominal discomfort) – uncommon and typically only with high doses
• Throat irritation or burning sensation (rare, typically with liquid oil)
• Allergic reactions (rare, primarily in those with cannabis allergies)
• Increased risk of bruising at very high doses (theoretical, due to mild anticoagulant effects)
• Mild digestive upset when first introducing the oil (typically resolves with continued use)
• Loose stools at high doses (>4 tablespoons daily)

• Known allergy to hemp or cannabis plants
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 1-2 weeks prior due to theoretical mild anticoagulant effects)
• Bleeding disorders (use with caution at high doses)
• Pregnancy (insufficient safety data, though likely safe at food amounts)
• Individuals subject to drug testing (though properly processed hemp seed oil should not contain detectable THC)
• Severe liver disease (for high-dose supplementation)

• Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) – theoretical increased bleeding risk at high doses
• Blood pressure medications – potential mild enhancement of hypotensive effects
• Immunosuppressants – potential modulation of effects due to impact on inflammatory pathways
• Medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes – theoretical interactions, though clinical significance is likely minimal
• Lipid-lowering medications – potential additive effects on cholesterol levels
• Diabetes medications – may enhance glucose-lowering effects, requiring monitoring
• Orlistat and other lipase inhibitors – may reduce absorption of fat-soluble compounds in hemp seed oil

There is no established toxic dose or official upper limit for hemp seed oil consumption. Based on clinical experience and the safety profile of similar seed oils, consumption of up to 4 tablespoons (60 ml) daily is generally considered safe for most adults. Higher doses have been used in some clinical contexts without significant adverse effects, but may increase the risk of digestive discomfort and loose stools. Unlike some other supplements, there is little concern about toxicity even at higher doses, as the components of hemp seed oil are foods that the body can readily metabolize.

The primary considerations with higher doses are digestive tolerance and potential theoretical interactions with medications. It’s worth noting that hemp seed oil is a concentrated source of calories (approximately 120 calories per tablespoon), which should be considered in the context of overall dietary intake. Quality is a critical safety consideration, as oxidized (rancid) oil may have pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory effects. Products should be tested for environmental contaminants including heavy metals, pesticides, and molds, with levels below established safety thresholds.

Properly processed hemp seed oil contains negligible amounts of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of cannabis), typically well below the legal limit of 0.3%, and does not cause psychoactive effects or result in positive drug tests when consumed as directed.

In the United States, hemp seed oil derived from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. with THC content below 0.3%) is regulated as a food product and dietary supplement. The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act, legalizing the cultivation of industrial hemp at the federal level and clarifying the legal status of hemp-derived products, including hemp seed oil. The FDA recognizes hemp seed oil as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use in food products.

As a dietary supplement, hemp seed oil is regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. Under this framework, manufacturers cannot make specific claims about treating, curing, or preventing diseases, but can make structure/function claims about effects on normal body functions (e.g., ‘supports heart health’). These claims must be accompanied by a disclaimer stating they have not been evaluated by the FDA. It’s important to note that the FDA distinguishes between hemp seed oil and CBD oil or other cannabis extracts.

Hemp seed oil is derived solely from the seeds of the hemp plant and contains negligible amounts of cannabinoids like CBD or THC. The FDA has not established a specific recommended daily allowance for hemp seed oil. The FDA requires that hemp seed oil products contain less than 0.3% THC, though properly processed hemp seed oil typically contains non-detectable levels of THC (<0.001%).

Eu: In the European Union, hemp seed oil is regulated as a food product and food supplement. The EU permits the cultivation of industrial hemp varieties listed in the EU’s ‘Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species’ with THC content not exceeding 0.2% (more restrictive than the US standard of 0.3%). Hemp seed oil is recognized as a traditional food in Europe with a long history of consumption. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has not approved any specific health claims for hemp seed oil under Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, though general claims related to its essential fatty acid content may be made if they comply with regulatory requirements. EU Novel Food regulations do not apply to hemp seed oil, as it has a documented history of consumption before May 1997.

Canada: Health Canada regulates hemp seed oil as a food product and Natural Health Product (NHP). Canada was one of the first developed nations to re-legalize industrial hemp cultivation in 1998. Hemp seed oil products must comply with the Industrial Hemp Regulations, which require THC content below 10 ppm (0.001%) in the oil. As an NHP, hemp seed oil products must have a Natural Product Number (NPN) on the label if making health claims, indicating they have been assessed by Health Canada for safety, efficacy, and quality. Health Canada permits certain claims related to the essential fatty acid content of hemp seed oil when supported by evidence.

Australia: The Australian government regulates hemp seed oil as a food product and listed complementary medicine. In November 2017, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) approved hemp seed foods for consumption, including hemp seed oil. The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates hemp seed oil as a listed complementary medicine when marketed with therapeutic claims. Products must be included in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) and comply with quality and safety standards. Australian regulations require that hemp seed oil products contain negligible amounts of cannabinoids.

Uk: Following Brexit, the UK maintains regulations similar to the EU regarding hemp seed oil as a food product and food supplement. The UK permits the cultivation of approved industrial hemp varieties with THC content not exceeding 0.2%. Hemp seed oil has a long history of use in the UK and is not subject to novel food regulations. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) oversees the safety of hemp seed oil products, with particular attention to THC content.

Japan: In Japan, hemp seed oil is regulated primarily as a food product under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Japan has strict regulations regarding cannabis, but hemp seed oil is permitted as long as it contains no detectable THC. Hemp seed oil may be marketed under the Foods with Function Claims (FFC) system if scientific evidence supports specific health benefits, though such claims require notification to the government.

Medium

Hemp seed oil is moderately priced compared to other specialty oils and omega fatty acid supplements. The cost of hemp seed oil varies based on several factors, including quality, production method, organic certification, and packaging. For liquid hemp seed oil, prices typically range from $0.50-$1.50 per fluid ounce ($15-$45 for a standard 8-16 oz bottle), with organic, cold-pressed varieties at the higher end of this range. This translates to approximately $0.50-$1.50 per day for a standard dose of 1 tablespoon (15 ml).

For hemp seed oil capsules, prices typically range from $0.15-$0.40 per capsule, or approximately $0.45-$1.20 per day for a standard dose of 3 capsules. Premium, specialized formulations (such as liposomal delivery systems or those with added ingredients) may cost up to $2.00 per day. When calculated based on essential fatty acid content, hemp seed oil is generally more cost-effective than evening primrose oil or borage oil for GLA content, and comparable to flaxseed oil for ALA content. However, it is typically more expensive than standard vegetable oils like canola or soybean oil, which lack the optimal fatty acid ratio and GLA content of hemp seed oil.

Hemp seed oil offers good value for its unique nutritional profile, particularly its balanced ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (typically 2:1 to 3:1) and GLA content. This balanced ratio is difficult to achieve through other single oil sources and would otherwise require combining multiple supplements. For skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis, hemp seed oil provides a cost-effective alternative to prescription medications, with fewer side effects. A 3-month supply of hemp seed oil for topical and internal use would cost approximately $45-$135, compared to potentially hundreds of dollars for prescription treatments.

For cardiovascular health, hemp seed oil offers a moderately priced option compared to fish oil or krill oil, though with a different fatty acid profile focused on ALA rather than EPA and DHA. The value proposition is enhanced by hemp seed oil’s versatility – it can be used both as a supplement and as a culinary oil, providing nutritional benefits while also serving as a food ingredient. This dual-use aspect improves its cost efficiency compared to supplements that can only be taken in capsule form. Organic certification adds to the cost but provides value through reduced pesticide exposure, which is particularly relevant for hemp as it is a bioaccumulator that can concentrate environmental toxins.

Cold-pressed, unrefined hemp seed oil commands a premium price but offers better value for those seeking maximum nutritional benefit, as the gentle extraction process preserves heat-sensitive nutrients and beneficial minor compounds. The shelf life of hemp seed oil is relatively short compared to more stable oils, which can reduce its value if not consumed before oxidation occurs. Proper storage (refrigeration) is essential to maximize value. For those seeking GLA supplementation, hemp seed oil is generally more cost-effective than evening primrose oil or borage oil, though it contains lower concentrations of GLA than these specialized oils.

For general essential fatty acid supplementation, hemp seed oil offers better value than many isolated omega-3 or omega-6 supplements due to its comprehensive fatty acid profile and additional beneficial compounds like vitamin E, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds.

Hemp seed oil has a relatively short shelf life compared to more saturated oils due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are prone to oxidation. Properly manufactured, packaged, and stored hemp seed oil typically has a shelf life of 12-14 months from the date of manufacture when unopened. Once opened, the shelf life decreases to approximately 3-6 months, even with refrigeration. Products with added antioxidants like vitamin E (tocopherols) may have slightly extended shelf life.

The actual stability period varies significantly based on the specific production methods, packaging, and storage conditions. Cold-pressed, unrefined hemp seed oil generally has a shorter shelf life than refined versions, as the natural compounds that contribute to its nutritional value also make it more susceptible to oxidation. Nitrogen-flushed bottles can extend shelf life by reducing exposure to oxygen during storage. Hemp seed oil in capsule form typically maintains stability longer than liquid oil due to reduced exposure to oxygen, light, and temperature fluctuations.

Store hemp seed oil in its original, dark glass container away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture. Refrigeration is strongly recommended for hemp seed oil, both before and after opening, as lower temperatures significantly slow oxidation reactions. If refrigeration is not possible, store in the coolest, darkest place available, with temperatures below 20°C (68°F). Freezing hemp seed oil is acceptable and may further extend shelf life without damaging the oil, though it may become cloudy and thicker at freezing temperatures (this is normal and does not affect quality).

Minimize exposure to air by keeping containers tightly closed when not in use and avoiding frequent opening. For liquid hemp seed oil, consider transferring to smaller containers as you use it to minimize the air space in the bottle. Avoid storing near strong-smelling substances as the oil can absorb odors. If the oil develops a strong, unpleasant smell (resembling paint thinner or rancid nuts), bitter taste, or cloudy appearance at room temperature, this indicates oxidation and it should be discarded.

When using hemp seed oil for culinary purposes, return it to the refrigerator immediately after use rather than leaving it at room temperature. Avoid exposing the oil to high temperatures during cooking, as heat accelerates oxidation and destroys beneficial compounds.

Oxygen exposure (primary degradation pathway through oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids), Heat (accelerates oxidation reactions; each 10°C increase approximately doubles the rate of degradation), Light exposure (particularly UV light, which promotes photo-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids), Transition metal ions (especially iron and copper, which catalyze oxidation reactions), Moisture (can promote hydrolytic rancidity and microbial growth), Repeated opening of containers (increases oxygen exposure), Fluctuating temperatures (can cause condensation inside containers, promoting degradation), Extended storage beyond expiration date (natural antioxidants in the oil deplete over time), Improper packaging materials (some plastics may allow oxygen permeation), Pre-existing oxidation products (oxidation is autocatalytic, so products with initial oxidation degrade faster), High polyunsaturated fatty acid content (makes hemp seed oil particularly susceptible to oxidation), Absence of antioxidants (natural or added antioxidants like tocopherols slow oxidation), Exposure to environmental pollutants or strong odors (oil can absorb contaminants), Processing methods (higher extraction temperatures can initiate oxidation before bottling)

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been cultivated for over 10,000 years, making it one of humanity’s oldest domesticated crops. While the plant has been primarily valued throughout history for its fiber (used in textiles, rope, and paper) and seeds (as a nutritious food source), the specific extraction and use of hemp seed oil has a rich historical tradition as well. The earliest documented medicinal use of hemp seed oil dates back to ancient China, where it was mentioned in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, a Chinese encyclopedia of agriculture and medicine compiled around 2700 BCE. In this text, hemp seed oil was described as a treatment for various ailments including constipation, hair loss, and wound healing.

In ancient Egypt, hemp seed oil was used in lamps for illumination, but also had applications in medicine and skin care. Archaeological evidence suggests hemp seed oil was used in topical preparations for inflammation and skin conditions. Throughout medieval Europe, hemp seed oil was commonly used as a culinary oil, particularly in Eastern Europe and Russia where it was a traditional ingredient in various dishes. It was also used as lamp oil and in the production of soaps and paints.

The oil was valued for its nutritional properties, though the specific understanding of essential fatty acids would not come until much later. Traditional folk medicine in various European cultures employed hemp seed oil for inflammatory conditions, skin disorders, and women’s health issues. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India, hemp seed oil (known as ‘Vijaya’ oil) was used to treat inflammatory conditions, improve digestion, and as a general tonic for wellness. It was also applied topically for skin conditions and wound healing.

Native American tribes utilized hemp seed preparations for various medicinal purposes, including pain relief, inflammation reduction, and treating skin conditions. The specific extraction of the oil varied by region and technological capabilities. The modern scientific understanding of hemp seed oil’s nutritional composition, particularly its ideal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and presence of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), only emerged in the 20th century. This scientific validation has led to renewed interest in hemp seed oil as a nutritional supplement and functional food.

Throughout much of the 20th century, hemp cultivation was restricted in many countries due to its botanical relationship to marijuana, despite industrial hemp containing minimal psychoactive compounds. This limited the availability and research on hemp seed oil. The recent resurgence of interest in hemp seed oil began in the 1990s as countries began to distinguish between industrial hemp and marijuana, leading to the gradual relaxation of cultivation restrictions. It’s important to note that historically, hemp seed oil was distinct from cannabis extracts used for psychoactive or medicinal purposes, which were derived from the flowers and leaves rather than the seeds.

Traditional hemp seed oil contained negligible amounts of cannabinoids like THC or CBD, consistent with modern industrial hemp seed oil.

Crescente G, Piccolella S, Esposito A, Scognamiglio M, Fiorentino A, Pacifico S. Chemical composition and nutraceutical properties of hempseed: an ancient food with actual functional value. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2018;17:733-749. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9556-2, Kuhnt K, Degen C, Jaudszus A, Jahreis G. Searching for health beneficial n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plant seeds used for human nutrition. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 2012;114(2):153-160. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201100008, Callaway JC. Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica. 2004;140:65-72. doi:10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6

Effects of Hemp Seed Oil on Inflammatory Markers in Metabolic Syndrome (NCT04263155), Hemp Seed Oil for Management of Inflammatory Skin Conditions (NCT04256135), Evaluation of Hemp Seed Oil for Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms (NCT03698461), Hemp Seed Oil Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors (NCT03582215)