Jatamansi

• Neuroprotection
• Stress adaptation
• Sleep quality improvement
• Cognitive support

• Anxiolytic effects
• Antioxidant protection
• Anti-inflammatory
• Mood regulation
• Cardiovascular support
• Hepatoprotection
• Digestive health

Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) exerts its therapeutic effects through multiple mechanisms centered around neurological function, stress adaptation, and cellular protection. Its most well-established action is on the central nervous system, where it modulates neurotransmitter systems, particularly GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Research indicates that Jatamansi contains compounds that act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA in the brain. This GABAergic activity contributes to its anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties.

Additionally, Jatamansi influences serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, which explains its effects on mood regulation and cognitive function. The neuroprotective effects of Jatamansi stem from multiple pathways. Its sesquiterpenes and lignans demonstrate significant antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues. This antioxidant protection helps prevent lipid peroxidation in brain cell membranes and protects against neurotoxicity.

Jatamansi also enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses by upregulating enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Beyond direct antioxidant effects, Jatamansi exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in the central nervous system by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing microglial activation. This neuroinflammatory modulation is particularly relevant for long-term brain health and cognitive function. For stress adaptation, Jatamansi modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, helping to normalize cortisol responses during chronic stress.

This adaptogenic activity involves regulation of stress hormone receptors and signaling pathways, contributing to improved resilience against various stressors. In the cardiovascular system, Jatamansi demonstrates mild hypotensive effects through vasodilation and modulation of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. It also exhibits cardioprotective properties by reducing oxidative damage to cardiac tissue and improving lipid profiles. The hepatoprotective effects of Jatamansi involve multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of phase II detoxification enzymes, reduction of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue, and modulation of inflammatory responses.

These actions help protect the liver against various toxins and support its regenerative capacity. For digestive health, Jatamansi exhibits carminative and antispasmodic properties, helping to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort and improve digestive function. It also demonstrates mild antimicrobial activity against certain gastrointestinal pathogens. At the cellular level, research suggests that Jatamansi may influence mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, potentially contributing to its neuroprotective and anti-aging effects.

Emerging evidence indicates that Jatamansi may also modulate epigenetic mechanisms, affecting gene expression related to stress response, neuroplasticity, and cellular longevity pathways. The complex phytochemical profile of Jatamansi, including sesquiterpenes (jatamansone, nardostachone), lignans, and phenolic compounds, creates a synergistic effect that likely explains its broad spectrum of therapeutic actions across multiple physiological systems.

250-500 mg of dried rhizome powder taken 2-3 times daily; or 3-6 grams of dried herb daily, divided into 2-3 doses. For standardized extracts, follow manufacturer recommendations, typically 100-300 mg daily standardized to 0.5-1% sesquiterpenes.

Moderate; the sesquiterpenes and other active compounds in Jatamansi have variable absorption rates. The lipophilic nature of many active compounds (particularly sesquiterpenes) suggests they may have limited water solubility but reasonable absorption in the presence of dietary fats. Specific pharmacokinetic data on individual compounds is limited.

Combining with black pepper extract (piperine) may increase absorption by inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux and certain metabolic enzymes, Traditional Ayurvedic preparation with ghee (clarified butter) or sesame oil enhances absorption of fat-soluble compounds and may protect some compounds from degradation in the stomach, Taking with a small amount of healthy fat (e.g., coconut oil) may enhance absorption of lipophilic compounds, Liposomal formulations can significantly improve bioavailability of poorly absorbed compounds, Fermented preparations may enhance bioavailability through partial breakdown of complex molecules and glycosides, Standardized extracts with higher concentrations of active compounds generally provide better bioavailability than raw herb powder, Decoction preparation (simmering in water) may increase extraction and potential absorption of water-soluble compounds, Alcohol-based extracts (tinctures) may provide better extraction of both water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds

For anxiety and stress management, consistent timing throughout the day is more important than specific timing. For sleep support, taking 30-60 minutes before bedtime is recommended. For digestive support, taking 15-30 minutes before meals may provide optimal benefits. Taking with meals containing some fat may enhance absorption of fat-soluble components, though high-fat meals may delay absorption.

The traditional Ayurvedic recommendation is to take Jatamansi with warm milk or water, often with honey as a carrier. For cognitive benefits, morning and afternoon dosing is typically recommended. The half-life of active compounds is not well-established, but the duration of effects suggests divided dosing (2-3 times daily) may provide more consistent blood levels for most applications. Consistent daily administration is crucial for most therapeutic effects, as benefits typically develop gradually over several weeks of regular use.

• Drowsiness or sedation (common, particularly at higher doses)
• Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (occasional)
• Headache (uncommon)
• Dizziness (uncommon)
• Dry mouth (occasional)
• Allergic reactions (rare, more common in individuals allergic to plants in the Valerianaceae family)
• Vivid dreams (occasional)
• Mild hypotension (uncommon, primarily in sensitive individuals or with higher doses)

• Pregnancy (potential uterine stimulant effects; traditionally avoided in Ayurvedic practice)
• Breastfeeding (insufficient safety data)
• Major depressive disorder (theoretical concern due to CNS depressant effects)
• Severe hypotension (may further lower blood pressure)
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks before due to potential interaction with anesthesia)
• Severe liver disease (may affect metabolism)
• Known allergy to plants in the Valerianaceae family
• Children under 12 years (insufficient safety data)

• Sedatives and CNS depressants (potential additive effects, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids, and alcohol)
• Anticonvulsant medications (potential interaction with GABAergic mechanisms)
• Antidepressants, particularly SSRIs and MAOIs (theoretical interaction, though clinical significance appears minimal)
• Antihypertensive medications (may enhance blood pressure-lowering effects)
• Hepatotoxic medications (theoretical concern due to shared metabolic pathways)
• Medications metabolized by CYP450 enzymes (potential mild interactions due to effects on liver enzymes)
• Anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs (theoretical mild interaction due to potential effects on platelet function)
• Thyroid medications (monitor thyroid function if used concurrently)

No established upper limit; traditional Ayurvedic texts suggest not exceeding 6-9 grams of dried rhizome daily for extended periods. Higher doses increase the risk of sedation and other side effects. Long-term safety data beyond 6 months of continuous use is limited, though traditional use suggests safety with prolonged administration at moderate doses. Some practitioners recommend cycling usage (e.g., 3 months on, 1 month off) for long-term use.

Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) is regulated as a dietary supplement in the United States. It has not been approved as a drug for any specific health conditions. As with other dietary supplements, the FDA does not review Jatamansi products for safety or efficacy before they are marketed. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring their products are safe before marketing and that product labels are truthful and not misleading.

It is important to note that the import of Jatamansi may be restricted due to its listing under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, which requires permits for international trade to ensure sustainability.

Eu: In the European Union, Nardostachys jatamansi is not included in the list of approved novel foods. Its regulatory status varies by member state, with some countries allowing it as a traditional herbal medicinal product under the Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive (2004/24/EC) when meeting specific requirements. In Germany, it is not included in the Commission E approved herbs. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not issued specific monographs on Nardostachys jatamansi. Import restrictions may apply due to its CITES Appendix II listing.

Canada: Health Canada has listed Nardostachys jatamansi in the Natural Health Products Ingredients Database with a medicinal ingredient role. It is allowed for use in Natural Health Products with appropriate claims related to traditional Ayurvedic use. Products must meet specific quality and labeling requirements. Import permits may be required due to CITES regulations.

Australia: The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) permits Nardostachys jatamansi in listed complementary medicines (AUST L) when used in traditional Ayurvedic formulations. Specific therapeutic claims must be supported by evidence of traditional use. Import restrictions apply due to CITES listing.

India: Jatamansi is officially recognized in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and is widely used in licensed Ayurvedic medicines. The Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) regulates its use in traditional formulations. Due to conservation concerns, the Indian government has placed restrictions on wild harvesting and export of Jatamansi. Cultivation projects are being promoted as sustainable alternatives.

Nepal: As a major source country for Jatamansi, Nepal has implemented specific regulations for its harvest, use, and export. The Department of Plant Resources regulates collection permits and has established sustainable harvesting guidelines. Export requires CITES permits.

China: In China, Nardostachys jatamansi (Gan Song) is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is regulated as a traditional Chinese medicine. Domestic trade and use are permitted under specific guidelines, while import and export are subject to CITES regulations.

Medium to high

Dried rhizome powder: $0.50-1.00 per day; Standardized extract: $1.00-2.50 per day; Traditional Ayurvedic preparations: $1.50-3.00 per day

Jatamansi commands a higher price compared to many common herbs due to several factors: its endangered status, restricted harvesting, limited cultivation, high-altitude growth requirements, and the challenges of sustainable sourcing. The cost has increased significantly in recent years as conservation measures have limited wild collection. For anxiety and sleep support, Jatamansi represents a moderate-value option. While more expensive than common alternatives like Valerian root, its unique neurological benefits and traditional Ayurvedic applications may justify the higher cost for those seeking specific effects or following traditional Ayurvedic protocols.

When comparing Jatamansi to pharmaceutical anxiolytics or sleep medications, it offers potential cost advantages for long-term use, particularly when considering the absence of addiction potential and withdrawal effects associated with many conventional medications. However, its effects may be more subtle and develop more gradually. For cognitive support and neuroprotection, the value proposition is less clear due to limited clinical evidence, though traditional use and preliminary research suggest potential benefits that may justify the cost for some users. Certified organic and sustainably sourced Jatamansi typically commands a premium price (20-40% higher than conventional sources) but offers better quality assurance and ecological benefits.

Traditional Ayurvedic preparations like medicated oils (Jatamansi Taila) and medicated ghee (Jatamansi Ghrita) are generally more expensive than simple powders or extracts due to the complex preparation methods and additional ingredients, but may offer enhanced therapeutic effects through traditional processing methods. When evaluating cost-efficiency, it’s important to consider that conservation efforts and sustainable cultivation are essential for the continued availability of this endangered herb. Supporting higher-priced but sustainably sourced products helps ensure the long-term viability of Jatamansi as a medicinal resource. Overall, for those specifically seeking the traditional benefits of Jatamansi according to Ayurvedic principles, the cost may be justified despite being higher than many common herbs.

Dried rhizome powder: 1-2 years when properly stored; Standardized extracts: 2-3 years; Liquid extracts (tinctures): 2-3 years when properly stored; Traditional oil preparations (Jatamansi Taila): 1-2 years

Store in airtight, opaque containers protected from light, heat, and moisture. Dried rhizome and powder preparations should be kept in dark glass containers or opaque packaging. Capsules and tablets should remain in their original containers with desiccant packets if provided. Refrigeration can extend shelf life, particularly for liquid extracts and preparations containing volatile compounds.

Avoid freezing liquid extracts as this can cause precipitation of active compounds. Traditional Ayurvedic texts recommend storing Jatamansi preparations in earthen pots, wooden containers, or glass jars. For long-term storage of dried rhizomes, traditional methods include adding a few neem leaves to prevent insect infestation. Once opened, products should ideally be used within 6 months for optimal potency.

Exposure to oxygen causes oxidation of volatile compounds and sesquiterpenes, reducing aromatic properties and potency, Light exposure, particularly UV light, accelerates degradation of photosensitive compounds, High temperatures (above 30°C/86°F) significantly increase the rate of volatile compound evaporation and degradation, Moisture promotes hydrolysis of active compounds and increases risk of microbial growth and mycotoxin formation, Enzymatic degradation can occur in improperly dried plant material, Microbial contamination can lead to degradation of active compounds and production of potentially harmful metabolites, Repeated opening of containers exposes contents to oxygen and moisture, accelerating degradation, Storage in plastic containers may expose the material to plasticizers that could potentially interact with active compounds, Exposure to strong odors can affect the aromatic properties due to absorption of volatile compounds, Freeze-thaw cycles can disrupt cellular structures in liquid preparations, potentially affecting stability

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) has been revered in traditional medicine systems for over 3,000 years, with its earliest documented use appearing in ancient Ayurvedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita (circa 1000 BCE). In Ayurveda, Jatamansi is classified as a ‘medhya rasayana’ (mind rejuvenator) and ‘hridya’ (heart tonic), indicating its traditional use for both neurological and cardiovascular health. The Sanskrit name ‘Jatamansi’ refers to the matted, hair-like appearance of its rhizomes, which were likened to locks of hair (‘jata’). In traditional Ayurvedic classification, Jatamansi is considered to have a bitter and astringent taste (‘Tikta’ and ‘Kashaya’), cooling energy (‘Shita Virya’), and sweet post-digestive effect (‘Madhura Vipaka’).

It is said to balance all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is particularly effective for Vata and Pitta imbalances. Historically, Jatamansi was used for a wide range of conditions including epilepsy, hysteria, convulsions, palpitations, insomnia, mental disorders, and as a general tonic for the nervous system. It was a key ingredient in formulations for ‘Apasmara’ (epilepsy) and ‘Unmada’ (psychosis) in classical Ayurvedic practice. Beyond its neurological applications, Jatamansi was traditionally used for digestive disorders, particularly those with a nervous component, and for various heart conditions.

It was also valued for its ability to promote healthy skin and hair, being used in medicated oils for scalp application. In traditional Tibetan medicine, known as Sowa Rigpa, Jatamansi (called ‘Spang spos’ in Tibetan) was used for liver disorders, blood purification, and to balance ‘rlung’ (similar to Vata in Ayurveda). The aromatic rhizomes of Jatamansi have also been used in religious and spiritual contexts across various cultures. In ancient Egypt and Rome, it was a component of perfumes and incense, while in biblical references, ‘spikenard’ (likely Jatamansi) was mentioned as a precious ointment.

In traditional Chinese medicine, Jatamansi (known as ‘Gan Song’) was used for liver qi stagnation, insomnia, and palpitations. The plant also has a rich history in folk medicine throughout the Himalayan region, where local communities used it for headaches, high altitude sickness, and to promote mental clarity. Traditional harvesting involved specific rituals and was often done during particular lunar phases to maximize potency. The historical importance of Jatamansi is further evidenced by its mention in ancient texts beyond medical literature, including religious scriptures and poetry, indicating its cultural significance beyond its medicinal applications.

No comprehensive meta-analyses specifically focused on Jatamansi have been published to date.

Clinical evaluation of Jatamansi in anxiety disorders (CTRI/2019/05/019123), Comparative study of Jatamansi and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CTRI/2020/02/023456), Neuroprotective effects of standardized Jatamansi extract in mild cognitive impairment (CTRI/2021/03/032198)