Maqui Berry Extract

• Antioxidant protection
• Blood sugar regulation
• Anti-inflammatory
• Vision health

• Cardiovascular support
• Metabolic health
• Immune function
• Skin health
• Neuroprotection

Maqui berry extract exerts its biological effects primarily through its exceptionally high content of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin glycosides, which are among the most potent natural antioxidants. The primary mechanism for blood glucose regulation involves inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs), particularly SGLT1, in the small intestine. By blocking these transporters, maqui berry extract reduces the rate of glucose absorption from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, resulting in lower postprandial glucose spikes and subsequently reduced insulin secretion. This mechanism is primarily attributed to delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, the most abundant anthocyanin in maqui berries.

The antioxidant effects of maqui berry extract operate through multiple pathways. Directly, its anthocyanins and other polyphenols neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species through electron donation. Indirectly, maqui extract activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defense, which increases the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. This dual approach provides more comprehensive protection against oxidative stress than direct antioxidants alone.

The anti-inflammatory properties of maqui berry extract stem from its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a central regulator of inflammatory responses. This inhibition reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Additionally, maqui anthocyanins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, further contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects. For vision health, maqui berry’s high delphinidin content has been shown to protect retinal cells from light-induced damage and oxidative stress.

These compounds help maintain the integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium and reduce inflammation in ocular tissues. Maqui anthocyanins also improve rhodopsin regeneration, enhancing night vision and reducing eye fatigue. In cardiovascular health, maqui berry extract improves endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production and bioavailability, promoting vasodilation and improving blood flow. It also reduces oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a key factor in atherosclerosis development.

The neuroprotective effects of maqui berry extract involve protection of neuronal cells from oxidative damage and reduction of neuroinflammation. Its anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and modulate signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and plasticity. For skin health, maqui berry extract protects against UV-induced damage and photoaging by neutralizing reactive oxygen species generated by UV exposure and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin. It also reduces inflammatory responses in skin cells and enhances cellular repair mechanisms.

The immunomodulatory effects of maqui berry extract include enhancement of natural killer cell activity, modulation of cytokine production, and protection of immune cells from oxidative damage, contributing to balanced immune responses rather than immunosuppression.

The optimal dosage of maqui berry extract varies depending on the form, concentration, and intended use. For standardized extracts (typically standardized to anthocyanin or delphinidin content), dosages range from 30-200 mg daily. For freeze-dried maqui berry powder, typical dosages range from 500-2000 mg daily. For liquid extracts, 1-2 ml (approximately 20-40 drops) taken 1-2 times daily is common.

Clinical studies have used varying dosages, but most beneficial effects have been observed in these ranges.

The bioavailability of maqui berry extract is influenced by the complex nature of its anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin glycosides. Anthocyanins generally have relatively low bioavailability (approximately 1-5%) due to their chemical structure, sensitivity to pH changes in the digestive tract, and extensive metabolism. Delphinidin glycosides, the primary active compounds in maqui berry, may have even lower bioavailability than other anthocyanins due to their higher hydroxylation pattern, which makes them more susceptible to degradation in the gastrointestinal environment.

However , recent research suggests that the biological effects of anthocyanins may not depend solely on direct absorption, as their metabolites and interaction with gut microbiota may contribute significantly to their health benefits.

Consuming maqui berry extract with a small amount of healthy fat can enhance the absorption of certain compounds by improving their solubility and protecting them from degradation in the digestive tract, Taking maqui berry extract on an empty stomach may increase absorption of anthocyanins by reducing competition with other food components, Liposomal delivery systems can significantly improve bioavailability by protecting anthocyanins from degradation in the digestive tract and enhancing cellular uptake, Micronization of maqui powder increases surface area and may enhance dissolution and absorption rates, Combining with black pepper extract (piperine) may inhibit certain metabolic enzymes and increase bioavailability of some compounds, Formulations that protect anthocyanins from stomach acid, such as enteric-coated capsules, may improve bioavailability by delivering more intact compounds to the intestines, Consuming with vitamin C may help stabilize anthocyanins and enhance their absorption, Fermentation of maqui berry may increase bioavailability by breaking down complex compounds into more absorbable forms and generating beneficial metabolites

For blood glucose regulation, maqui berry extract is most effective when taken 30-60 minutes before meals, as this allows the active compounds to be present in the intestine when glucose from the meal arrives, inhibiting glucose transporters and reducing glucose absorption. For general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, maqui berry extract can be taken at any time of day, though consistent daily consumption appears to be more important than specific timing. For vision health, some research suggests that taking maqui berry extract in the morning may be beneficial, as the active compounds can accumulate in ocular tissues throughout the day. Dividing the daily dose into 2-3 smaller doses throughout the day may provide more consistent blood levels of bioactive compounds compared to a single large dose.

Taking maqui berry extract with a small meal containing some healthy fats may enhance absorption of certain compounds, though for glucose regulation benefits, taking it before meals is recommended.

• Mild digestive discomfort (occasional)
• Mild headache (rare)
• Allergic reactions (very rare)
• Temporary discoloration of urine or stool (harmless, due to anthocyanin content)
• Mild dizziness (rare)
• Temporary changes in taste perception (rare)

• Known allergy to maqui berry or related berries
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (insufficient safety data, though no specific concerns have been identified)
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks before due to theoretical effects on blood glucose and blood clotting)
• Diabetes (may require medication adjustment due to hypoglycemic effects)
• Autoimmune conditions (theoretical concern due to immune-modulating effects, though no specific adverse effects have been reported)

• Antidiabetic medications (e.g., metformin, insulin) – may enhance hypoglycemic effects, potentially requiring dose adjustments
• Anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications – theoretical interaction due to potential mild antiplatelet effects of anthocyanins
• Medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes – limited evidence suggests anthocyanins may affect certain CYP enzymes, though clinical significance is unclear
• Medications for eye conditions – no specific interactions reported, but caution is advised when combining with other treatments for eye conditions
• Medications with narrow therapeutic windows – caution advised due to limited drug interaction studies with maqui berry

No established upper limit from regulatory bodies. Based on available research, standardized extract doses up to 200 mg daily appear to be well-tolerated in healthy adults for short-term use (up to 3 months). For whole fruit powder, doses up to 2000 mg daily have been used without significant adverse effects. Long-term safety at high doses has not been well-established.

It’s advisable to stay within the recommended dosage range on product labels or as advised by healthcare providers. Standardized extracts like Delphinol® have been tested in clinical trials at doses up to 180 mg daily without significant adverse effects.

In the United States, maqui berry is regulated as a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. It is not approved as a drug and cannot be marketed with claims to treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The FDA has not issued any specific regulations or warnings regarding maqui berry supplements, though they are subject to general dietary supplement regulations including Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). Maqui berry has not been formally recognized as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA, though it has a history of food use in South America.

Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of their maqui berry products before marketing them in the United States.

Eu: In the European Union, maqui berry was classified as a Novel Food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 until 2018, when it was approved for use in food supplements following safety assessments. Standardized maqui berry extract (Delphinol®) has been approved for use in food supplements at specified doses. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has not approved any health claims for maqui berry under Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Maqui berry products must comply with general food safety regulations and cannot be marketed with unauthorized health claims.

Canada: Health Canada has approved maqui berry as a natural health product (NHP) ingredient. It is listed in the Natural Health Products Ingredients Database with approved uses as a source of antioxidants. Product license applications for maqui berry supplements must meet Canadian safety, efficacy, and quality requirements. Specific health claims require supporting evidence reviewed by Health Canada.

Australia: The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) regulates maqui berry products in Australia. Maqui berry is listed in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) as an acceptable ingredient in listed complementary medicines. Products containing maqui berry must comply with quality and safety standards, and therapeutic claims must be supported by evidence. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) permits maqui berry as a food ingredient.

Chile: As the country of origin for maqui berry, Chile has specific regulations governing its harvesting, processing, and export. The Chilean government has implemented sustainable harvesting regulations to protect wild maqui populations. The Chilean Food Safety and Quality Agency (ACHIPIA) regulates maqui berry as a traditional food with cultural significance. Chile has been actively promoting maqui berry exports as part of its national strategy to develop superfoods from native species.

Japan: In Japan, maqui berry products may be regulated as Foods with Functional Claims (FFC) if scientific evidence supports specific health benefits. Otherwise, they are regulated as conventional foods or as ‘Foods with Health Claims’ depending on the marketing and formulation.

Medium to high

For standardized maqui berry extract (e.g., Delphinol®): $0.80-$2.50 per day for effective doses (60-180 mg), depending on brand and standardization level. For freeze-dried maqui berry powder: $0.50-$1.50 per gram, with an effective daily dose of 0.5-2 grams, resulting in a daily cost of $0.25-$3.00. For liquid maqui extract: $0.75-$2.00 per ml, with an effective daily dose of 1-2 ml, resulting in a daily cost of $0.75-$4.00.

Maqui berry extract represents a moderate to high investment compared to many other antioxidant supplements, though prices have decreased somewhat as the ingredient has become more widely available. The premium price reflects several factors: the limited geographical source (primarily wild-harvested in Chile), the costs of processing to preserve the delicate anthocyanins, and the expenses associated with standardization and quality control. When evaluating cost-effectiveness, it’s important to consider the standardization level, particularly the content of anthocyanins and delphinidins. Products standardized to higher levels of these compounds generally offer better value despite higher upfront costs.

Proprietary standardized extracts like Delphinol® (standardized to 25-35% anthocyanins and 25-35% delphinidins) typically command premium prices but have the most clinical research supporting their efficacy, particularly for blood glucose regulation. For general antioxidant support, other berry extracts like blueberry or elderberry may offer similar benefits at lower cost. However, maqui’s exceptionally high anthocyanin content and unique delphinidin profile may justify the premium for specific health goals like blood sugar management or vision support. Bulk powder purchases can significantly reduce costs compared to capsules or prepared products, though this requires measuring doses and may be less convenient.

The stability of anthocyanins is another consideration in value assessment – higher quality products with better packaging and processing methods may preserve the active compounds longer, providing better long-term value. Subscription services from reputable suppliers often provide discounts of 10-20%, improving cost-efficiency for long-term users. Overall, maqui berry extract offers moderate cost-efficiency as an antioxidant supplement, with value improved when purchasing higher-potency standardized products with clinical research backing their efficacy.

Freeze-dried maqui berry powder typically has a shelf life of 18-24 months when properly stored. Standardized extracts in capsule or tablet form generally remain stable for 24-36 months, depending on the formulation and packaging. Liquid extracts and tinctures typically have a shelf life of 12-24 months, with some reduction in anthocyanin content over time. Fresh maqui berries are extremely perishable with a shelf life of only 3-5 days under refrigeration.

Store all maqui berry products in airtight containers in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Anthocyanins are particularly sensitive to light, so opaque or dark containers are preferred. Refrigeration is recommended for opened packages of freeze-dried powder and liquid extracts to maintain potency. Freezing can extend the shelf life of maqui powder but should be done in moisture-proof containers to prevent condensation upon thawing.

Avoid exposure to air, as oxygen can accelerate oxidation of anthocyanins and other polyphenols. Some manufacturers recommend using oxygen absorbers or nitrogen-flushed packaging for optimal preservation. For capsules and tablets, keep in the original container with desiccant packets if provided.

Light: UV and visible light exposure causes rapid degradation of anthocyanins, which are the primary active compounds in maqui berry, Heat: Temperatures above 25°C (77°F) can accelerate degradation of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, with significant losses occurring above 40°C (104°F), Oxygen: Oxidation is a primary degradation pathway for maqui’s anthocyanins and other polyphenols, Moisture: Increases the rate of hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation of bioactive compounds, pH extremes: Anthocyanins are particularly sensitive to pH, with stability generally better at acidic pH (3-4) and poor at neutral or alkaline pH, Enzymes: Polyphenol oxidase and other endogenous enzymes can degrade anthocyanins if not properly inactivated during processing, Metal ions: Iron and copper ions can catalyze oxidation reactions, accelerating anthocyanin degradation, Microbial contamination: Can lead to degradation of compounds and production of off-flavors, Freeze-thaw cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing can damage cellular structures and release degradative enzymes, Interaction with sugars: Anthocyanins can react with sugars in formulations, leading to reduced stability and bioactivity

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) has been an integral part of the cultural heritage and traditional medicine of the Mapuche people, the indigenous inhabitants of central and southern Chile, for centuries. The Mapuche, whose name translates to ‘people of the land,’ have historically been known for their fierce resistance to Spanish colonization and their deep connection to the natural environment. In Mapuche culture, the maqui tree and its berries hold significant cultural and medicinal importance. Traditionally, maqui berries were consumed fresh during the summer harvest season or dried for year-round use.

The Mapuche prepared a fermented beverage called ‘chicha de maqui’ for ceremonial purposes and celebrations. This fermented drink was believed to provide strength and stamina, and was particularly important during times of conflict. In traditional Mapuche medicine, maqui berries were used to treat a variety of ailments. The berries were employed as a remedy for fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and sore throat.

Maqui leaf infusions were used to treat throat infections, while poultices made from the leaves were applied to wounds to reduce inflammation and promote healing. The bark of the maqui tree was used to treat ulcers and kidney problems. Beyond medicinal applications, maqui berries were an important food source, providing essential nutrients during the harsh Patagonian winters. The berries were often mixed with other native fruits or added to soups and stews.

The Mapuche also used maqui for practical purposes beyond food and medicine. The wood of the maqui tree was used to make tools and musical instruments, while the berries were used to create a natural dye for textiles, producing a deep purple-blue color. During the Spanish colonization period, historical accounts mention that Mapuche warriors consumed maqui berries before battle, believing they provided strength, energy, and endurance. This practice contributed to the berry’s reputation as a natural performance enhancer.

In more recent history, maqui berries remained a regional food and medicine in Chile but were relatively unknown internationally until the early 21st century. Scientific research beginning in the early 2000s revealed the exceptional antioxidant content of maqui berries, leading to their emergence in the global market as a ‘superfood.’ Today, while maqui berry is marketed worldwide primarily as a nutritional supplement and functional food ingredient, it remains an important cultural symbol and traditional food for the Mapuche people, who continue to harvest and use the berries according to ancestral practices.

No comprehensive meta-analyses specifically on maqui berry extract due to the relatively small number of clinical trials, Maqui berry is sometimes included in broader systematic reviews of anthocyanin-rich berries and their effects on metabolic health and oxidative stress, A 2021 systematic review of anthocyanin-rich berry extracts included maqui berry studies and concluded that these extracts show promising effects on glucose metabolism, though more research is needed

Investigation of maqui berry extract on retinal function in individuals with early age-related macular degeneration, Effects of standardized maqui berry extract on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Comparison of different anthocyanin-rich berry extracts on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, Evaluation of maqui berry extract on exercise performance and recovery in athletes, Long-term effects of maqui berry supplementation on metabolic parameters in prediabetic individuals