Oregano Extract

• Antimicrobial support
• Antioxidant protection
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Immune system modulation

• Respiratory health
• Digestive support
• Skin health
• Pain relief
• Antifungal properties

Oregano extract exerts its biological effects primarily through its active compounds, with carvacrol and thymol being the most significant bioactive constituents. These phenolic compounds disrupt bacterial cell membranes by increasing membrane permeability, leading to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately cell death. This mechanism explains oregano’s potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative), fungi, yeasts, and certain viruses. The extract’s antimicrobial properties are particularly effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making it a potential alternative or adjunct to conventional antibiotics.

Beyond its antimicrobial effects, oregano extract functions as a powerful antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carvacrol, thymol, and other phenolic compounds in oregano donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals, effectively terminating the oxidation chain reaction. Additionally, these compounds can chelate metal ions that catalyze oxidation reactions. Oregano extract also upregulates endogenous antioxidant defense systems by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.

The anti-inflammatory properties of oregano extract stem from its ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. It suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, a master regulator of inflammation, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Oregano extract also inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes, which are responsible for producing inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In the respiratory system, oregano extract acts as an expectorant and bronchodilator.

It helps loosen mucus and phlegm, making it easier to expel from the airways. The extract’s volatile compounds may also have a direct relaxant effect on bronchial smooth muscle, improving airflow in conditions like asthma and bronchitis. For digestive health, oregano extract stimulates the flow of bile and digestive enzymes, enhancing the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. It also helps maintain a balanced gut microbiome by selectively inhibiting pathogenic bacteria while having less impact on beneficial probiotic species.

The extract’s carminative properties help reduce gas, bloating, and intestinal spasms. In the immune system, oregano extract modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. It enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, which are crucial for the body’s first line of defense against pathogens. The extract also influences T-cell differentiation and cytokine production, potentially helping to balance immune responses without causing immunosuppression.

For skin health, oregano extract’s antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective against various skin conditions. When applied topically, it can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation associated with dermatitis, psoriasis, and other skin disorders. The extract’s antioxidant effects may also protect skin cells from oxidative damage caused by UV radiation and environmental pollutants.

Oregano extract dosages vary widely depending on the form, concentration, and intended use. For oregano oil (essential oil), which is highly concentrated, typical dosages range from 1-4 drops taken 1-3 times daily, always diluted in a carrier oil or liquid. For standardized oregano extract capsules (typically standardized to 50-85% carvacrol), common dosages range from 150-600 mg daily, divided into 2-3 doses. Oregano tea can be consumed 1-3 times daily, using 1-2 teaspoons of dried oregano herb per cup of hot water.

The bioavailability of oregano extract varies significantly depending on the form and delivery method. The essential oil components, particularly carvacrol and thymol, are lipophilic (fat-soluble) and can be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa with approximately 80-85% efficiency

when properly emulsified or combined with dietary fats. Enteric-coated capsules may improve delivery to the small intestine, bypassing potential degradation in the stomach. Water-soluble components in oregano tea or water extracts typically have lower bioavailability (30-50%) but may still provide therapeutic effects.

Consuming oregano extract with a fat-containing meal increases absorption of lipophilic compounds by 30-40%, Emulsified forms of oregano oil improve dispersion and absorption in the digestive tract, Liposomal delivery systems can enhance bioavailability by up to 3-4 times compared to standard extracts, Combining with black pepper extract (piperine) may enhance absorption by inhibiting certain detoxification enzymes, Enteric-coated capsules protect active compounds from stomach acid degradation, Sublingual administration of properly diluted oregano oil allows for direct absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing first-pass metabolism, Standardized extracts with higher carvacrol content (60-85%) generally provide better bioavailability of active compounds

For digestive issues, take oregano extract 15-30 minutes before meals to optimize antimicrobial effects in the digestive tract. For systemic effects (immune support, infection treatment), take with meals containing some fat to enhance absorption. For respiratory conditions, taking oregano extract in the evening may provide better overnight relief. When using multiple doses throughout the day, space them evenly (e.g., morning, midday, and evening) to maintain consistent blood levels of active compounds.

For topical applications, apply to clean, slightly damp skin to enhance penetration. When using oregano oil for acute conditions like sore throat or cold symptoms, more frequent dosing (every 3-4 hours) for the first 1-2 days may provide better results, followed by standard dosing. Cycling oregano extract (e.g., 5 days on, 2 days off) may help prevent tolerance development for long-term use.

• Gastrointestinal discomfort (burning sensation, nausea, stomach upset)
• Allergic reactions (especially in individuals allergic to plants in the Lamiaceae family, such as mint, basil, sage, and lavender)
• Skin irritation and sensitization when applied topically (especially with undiluted oil)
• Temporary worsening of symptoms due to die-off reactions (Herxheimer reaction) when treating infections
• Burning sensation in the mouth or throat when taken orally
• Heartburn or acid reflux, particularly with higher doses
• Lowered blood sugar levels (may be problematic for diabetics)
• Increased risk of bleeding (due to mild anticoagulant effects)
• Headaches (rare, usually with high doses)
• Dizziness or lightheadedness (rare)
• Temporary reduction in beneficial gut bacteria with prolonged use

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (may stimulate uterine contractions and cross into breast milk)
• Infants and young children under 5 years
• Known allergy to oregano or plants in the Lamiaceae family
• Bleeding disorders or use of anticoagulant medications
• Upcoming surgery (discontinue at least 2 weeks before)
• Diabetes (may enhance hypoglycemic effects of medications)
• Hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast, uterine, or ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids (due to potential estrogenic effects)
• Gastric ulcers or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Severe liver or kidney disease
• Autoimmune conditions (may stimulate immune activity)

• Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) – increased bleeding risk
• Antidiabetic medications – enhanced hypoglycemic effect
• Hormone therapies – potential interference with estrogen-based medications
• Iron supplements – may reduce iron absorption
• Lithium – may alter lithium levels
• Antibiotics – may enhance or interfere with antibiotic effects (consult healthcare provider)
• Antacids – may reduce oregano oil absorption
• Immunosuppressants – may counteract immunosuppressive effects
• Medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes – potential altered drug metabolism
• Proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers – altered absorption of oregano compounds

For oregano essential oil: 600 mg daily of standardized extract (containing 50-85% carvacrol) or 12-15 drops of diluted oregano oil daily, divided into 3-4 doses. Higher doses increase the risk of side effects without necessarily improving therapeutic outcomes. Long-term use (beyond 3-4 weeks continuously) is not recommended without periodic breaks to prevent potential adverse effects on beneficial gut bacteria and development of sensitization. For topical application, concentrations above 3-5% in carrier oil may cause skin irritation and should be avoided.

In the United States, oregano and its extracts are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a food flavoring and spice. As a dietary supplement, oregano extract falls under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which means it can be marketed without prior FDA approval as long as no specific health claims are made regarding the treatment, prevention, or cure of diseases. The FDA does not evaluate the safety or efficacy of oregano supplements before they reach the market, but can take action against products found to be unsafe or making unsubstantiated health claims. Oregano essential oil is not approved for internal use as a drug and cannot be marketed with therapeutic claims.

For external use in cosmetics and topical products, oregano extract and oil are permitted with appropriate concentration limits due to potential skin sensitization concerns.

Eu: In the European Union, oregano is listed in the European Medicines Agency (EMA) database of herbal substances. The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) has established a community herbal monograph for Origanum vulgare L., herba (oregano herb), recognizing its traditional use for relief of symptoms of mild digestive disorders and minor respiratory complaints. For food use, oregano extract is regulated under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 on flavorings. As a food supplement, oregano products must comply with the Food Supplements Directive 2002/46/EC. Oregano essential oil is subject to restrictions in cosmetic products under the Cosmetic Products Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, with limitations on concentrations due to potential allergenic and sensitizing properties.

Canada: Health Canada has included oregano in the Natural Health Products Ingredients Database with a medicinal ingredient monograph. It is approved for use in Natural Health Products (NHPs) with specific guidelines for dosage, contraindications, and warnings. Oregano essential oil is permitted in NHPs for oral use at specified dilutions and dosages, with appropriate cautionary labeling. For food use, oregano extract is regulated as a food flavoring agent. Oregano products must have a Natural Product Number (NPN) to be legally sold in Canada as natural health products.

Australia: The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia regulates oregano extract as a listed complementary medicine when used for therapeutic purposes. Products containing oregano must be included in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) before they can be marketed. Oregano essential oil is subject to specific labeling requirements and restrictions on therapeutic claims. For food use, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) regulates oregano extract as a food flavoring substance.

Medium to high, depending on concentration and quality

For high-quality oregano oil (with 70-85% carvacrol content), the cost ranges from $0.50 to $2.00 per effective daily dose (1-4 drops). Standardized oregano extract capsules typically cost $0.30 to $1.00 per effective daily dose (150-450 mg). Oregano tea is the most economical form, costing approximately $0.10 to $0.30 per cup when using loose dried herb.

Oregano extract offers good value for specific applications, particularly as a natural antimicrobial for acute conditions. When compared to conventional antibiotics, high-quality oregano oil may appear expensive initially, but can be cost-effective considering its broad-spectrum activity and lower risk of resistance development. For respiratory conditions, oregano extract may reduce the need for multiple over-the-counter products by combining antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and expectorant properties in one supplement. The concentrated nature of oregano essential oil means a small bottle (15-30 ml) can last for months of regular use, improving its long-term value proposition.

However, the wide variation in product quality significantly impacts cost-efficiency. Low-cost products often contain diluted oil or inferior oregano species with lower active compound content, potentially providing little therapeutic benefit despite the lower price point. For preventative use and general immune support, other supplements may offer better value, as oregano extract is relatively expensive for long-term daily use. The most cost-efficient approach may be targeted, short-term use for specific conditions rather than continuous supplementation.

For digestive issues, enteric-coated capsules provide better value despite higher cost, as they deliver active compounds directly to the intestines where they’re needed. When considering the full economic impact, oregano extract may offer indirect cost savings by potentially reducing the frequency of minor infections, decreasing the need for sick days, and lowering reliance on conventional medications for certain conditions.

Properly stored oregano essential oil typically maintains its potency for 2-3 years from the date of production. Standardized oregano extracts in capsule or tablet form generally have a shelf life of 2 years. Oregano-infused carrier oils have a shorter shelf life of approximately 1 year, as the carrier oil may oxidize even if the oregano compounds remain stable. Dried oregano herb used for teas or culinary purposes maintains its aromatic compounds for about 1-2 years when properly stored.

Store oregano essential oil in dark amber or blue glass bottles to protect from light degradation. Keep all oregano preparations in cool, dry places away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Tightly seal containers after each use to prevent oxidation and evaporation of volatile compounds. Refrigeration can extend the shelf life of oregano-infused oils but is not necessary for essential oils or dried herb.

Avoid storing near strong-smelling substances as oregano products may absorb other odors. For capsules and tablets, keep in their original containers with desiccant packets if provided. If transferring essential oil to another container, use glass rather than plastic, as the concentrated compounds can degrade certain plastics over time.

Exposure to oxygen – Causes oxidation of phenolic compounds like carvacrol and thymol, reducing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, Ultraviolet light – Accelerates degradation of essential oil components, particularly monoterpenes, Heat – Temperatures above 30°C (86°F) accelerate volatilization and chemical changes in the essential oil compounds, Moisture – Can promote hydrolysis of certain compounds and increase the risk of microbial contamination in dried herb and extract products, Contaminants – Metal ions, particularly iron and copper, can catalyze oxidation reactions, Improper dilution – Using the wrong carrier oils or diluents can affect stability and bioactivity, Fluctuating temperatures – Repeated warming and cooling can accelerate degradation through condensation and expansion effects, Microbial contamination – Though oregano has antimicrobial properties, improper handling can still lead to contamination of products, especially water-based extracts

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

Oregano has a rich history of medicinal use dating back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece, where the name ‘oregano’ originates (from ‘oros’ meaning mountain and ‘ganos’ meaning joy), the plant was highly valued for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, used oregano as an antiseptic and to treat stomach and respiratory ailments. He also prescribed oregano oil for pain relief and as a treatment for various infections.

The ancient Egyptians included oregano in their pharmacopeia and used it in the embalming process due to its preservative and antimicrobial properties. They also created oregano-infused oils for topical applications to treat skin conditions and wounds. In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder documented oregano’s medicinal applications in his ‘Natural History,’ recommending it for scorpion stings, spider bites, and as an antidote for various poisons. Romans also used oregano to preserve food and prevent spoilage, an early recognition of its antimicrobial properties.

During the Middle Ages in Europe, oregano was one of the few herbs that continued to be cultivated in monastery gardens after the fall of Rome. Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th-century abbess and herbalist, recommended oregano for respiratory and digestive complaints. Traditional Chinese Medicine incorporated oregano (known as ‘Fei Lun Cai’) primarily for respiratory conditions, including coughs, asthma, and bronchitis. It was classified as having warm properties that could dispel cold and dampness from the lungs.

In traditional Ayurvedic medicine from India, oregano was used to enhance digestion, treat respiratory conditions, and as a natural antibiotic. It was considered to have ‘hot’ properties that could balance ‘cold’ conditions in the body. Indigenous peoples of the Americas, particularly in Mexico and Central America, used local oregano species (such as Lippia graveolens) for similar purposes – treating respiratory infections, digestive disorders, and as a topical antiseptic for wounds. In traditional Mediterranean folk medicine, oregano tea was a common household remedy for colds, flu, digestive upset, and menstrual complaints.

Oregano oil was applied topically for fungal infections, including athlete’s foot and nail fungus. The concentrated essential oil, as used in modern supplements, is a relatively recent development, becoming popular in the late 20th century as interest in natural alternatives to antibiotics grew. Traditional uses focused more on the whole herb, infused oils, and water extracts (teas). Throughout history, oregano has been valued not only for its medicinal properties but also for its believed spiritual and protective qualities.

In some cultures, it was hung in homes to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck, reflecting the high esteem in which this herb was held. The modern resurgence of interest in oregano extract, particularly its essential oil, began in the 1990s with the growing popularity of aromatherapy and natural medicine, coupled with increasing concerns about antibiotic resistance.

Marchese, A., et al. (2016). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: A brief review of the literature. Food Chemistry, 210, 402-414. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.111, Sharifi-Rad, M., et al. (2018). Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 32(9), 1675-1687. doi:10.1002/ptr.6103, Suntres, Z.E., et al. (2015). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae): A systematic review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1174. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01174

Clinical evaluation of oregano oil for upper respiratory tract infections (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04598919), Oregano extract as an adjunct therapy for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03642834), Effects of oregano essential oil on gut microbiome composition in healthy adults (EudraCT Number: 2020-001456-18), Topical oregano oil preparation for fungal nail infections: A randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN Registry: ISRCTN15937589)