Rosemary extract contains powerful bioactive compounds including carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid that provide exceptional antioxidant protection, support brain health, and offer anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits.
Alternative Names: Rosmarinus officinalis extract, Rosemary leaf extract, RE
Categories: Botanical Extract, Antioxidant, Food Preservative
Primary Longevity Benefits
- Antioxidant
- Neuroprotective
- Anti-inflammatory
- Metabolic regulation
Secondary Benefits
- Antimicrobial
- Anticancer
- Hepatoprotective
- Cardioprotective
- Digestive support
- Skin health
Mechanism of Action
Rosemary extract (RE) exerts its diverse biological effects through multiple molecular pathways and cellular targets, primarily attributed to its rich composition of bioactive compounds. The most significant bioactive constituents include phenolic diterpenes (carnosic acid, carnosol), phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid), flavonoids, and essential oil components (1,8-cineole, α-pinene, camphor). As a potent antioxidant, RE functions through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Directly, it scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals due to the phenolic structures of its constituents, particularly carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid.
Carnosic acid exhibits a unique ‘pathological-activated therapeutic’ mechanism, whereby it becomes activated specifically in environments with elevated oxidative stress. When carnosic acid encounters ROS, it undergoes oxidation to form an electrophilic quinone, which then reacts with nucleophilic groups on proteins, particularly the cysteine residues of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). This modification of Keap1 leads to the release and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of cellular antioxidant responses. Upon activation, Nrf2 binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter regions of target genes, promoting the expression of phase II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
This cascade provides comprehensive protection against oxidative stress. Rosmarinic acid, another major component of RE, contributes to the antioxidant effects through both direct radical scavenging and indirect mechanisms involving Nrf2 activation, though through pathways distinct from carnosic acid. The neuroprotective effects of RE are mediated through multiple mechanisms. Beyond its antioxidant properties, RE inhibits neuroinflammation by suppressing microglial activation and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
RE also protects neurons from excitotoxicity by modulating glutamate receptors and calcium homeostasis. In models of Alzheimer’s disease, RE has been shown to inhibit amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, reduce tau hyperphosphorylation, and enhance the clearance of misfolded proteins through activation of autophagy. Additionally, RE promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), supporting neuronal survival and plasticity. The anti-inflammatory properties of RE stem from its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a master regulator of inflammation.
By preventing the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB (inhibitor of κB), RE blocks the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and subsequent expression of pro-inflammatory genes. RE also inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), enzymes responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Additionally, RE modulates the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK, which are involved in inflammatory signal transduction. In metabolic regulation, RE activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key energy sensor that regulates cellular metabolism.
This activation enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, improves insulin sensitivity, and promotes fatty acid oxidation. RE also modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly PPAR-γ, which further contributes to its beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that RE inhibits adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in adipocytes by downregulating the expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). RE also enhances thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by increasing the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).
The anticancer properties of RE involve multiple mechanisms. It induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells through both intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) pathways. RE inhibits cancer cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at various phases, particularly G2/M, through modulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. It also suppresses angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
RE inhibits cancer cell invasion and metastasis by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and modulating various signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. The hepatoprotective effects of RE involve multiple mechanisms. It protects liver cells from oxidative damage through its antioxidant properties and enhances the activity of phase II detoxification enzymes, facilitating the elimination of toxins. RE also inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen synthesis, thereby preventing liver fibrosis.
Additionally, RE modulates lipid metabolism in the liver, reducing lipid accumulation and preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. RE’s antimicrobial and antiviral properties are attributed to its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, inhibit bacterial enzymes, and interfere with viral entry and replication. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. RE also exhibits antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
In the context of cardiovascular health, RE improves endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide production and reducing oxidative stress in vascular tissues. It also exhibits anti-hyperlipidemic effects by regulating cholesterol metabolism genes and enhancing bile acid excretion. RE inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, thereby preventing thrombosis. Recent research has identified RE as a potential activator of longevity-related pathways, including sirtuins and FOXO transcription factors, which may contribute to its lifespan-extending effects observed in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans.
RE also promotes autophagy, a cellular ‘housekeeping’ process that removes damaged proteins and organelles, which is crucial for cellular health and longevity. The immunomodulatory effects of RE involve modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, promoting anti-tumor immunity. RE also regulates T cell differentiation and cytokine production, balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses.
For skin health, RE inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin, thereby preventing skin aging. It also protects skin cells from UV-induced damage through its antioxidant properties and reduces skin inflammation, making it valuable for various dermatological conditions.
Optimal Dosage
Disclaimer: The following dosage information is for educational purposes only. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions, are pregnant or nursing, or are taking medications.
Typical supplemental dosages range from 300-1000 mg per day of rosemary extract, though optimal dosing depends on the standardization level of the extract. Extracts are commonly standardized to contain specific percentages of active compounds, particularly carnosic acid (2-20%) and rosmarinic acid (1-6%). For therapeutic effects, it’s generally recommended to use extracts standardized to contain at least 6% carnosic acid or 10% total phenolic diterpenes.
By Standardization
| Standardization | Daily Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Extracts standardized to 5% carnosic acid | 300-600 mg | Provides approximately 15-30 mg of carnosic acid daily |
| Extracts standardized to 10% carnosic acid | 150-300 mg | Provides approximately 15-30 mg of carnosic acid daily |
| Extracts standardized to 20% carnosic acid | 75-150 mg | Provides approximately 15-30 mg of carnosic acid daily |
| Extracts standardized to 6% rosmarinic acid | 300-600 mg | Provides approximately 18-36 mg of rosmarinic acid daily |
| Supercritical CO2 extracts (high in essential oils and diterpenes) | 100-300 mg | More concentrated in lipophilic compounds; lower doses may be effective |
| Water extracts (high in rosmarinic acid, low in carnosic acid) | 500-1000 mg | Higher doses needed due to lower concentration of lipophilic compounds |
By Condition
| Condition | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant support | 300-600 mg daily of standardized extract | Lower doses may be sufficient for general antioxidant support; can be divided into 2 doses throughout the day for better coverage |
| Cognitive support | 400-800 mg daily of standardized extract | Preliminary research suggests potential benefits for cognitive function at these doses; extracts with higher carnosic acid content may be more effective for brain health |
| Anti-inflammatory support | 400-800 mg daily of standardized extract | Higher doses within this range may be more effective for significant inflammatory conditions |
| Metabolic health/Weight management | 400-1000 mg daily of standardized extract | May help support metabolic health and weight management as part of a comprehensive approach; higher doses may be needed for significant effects |
| Liver protection | 400-800 mg daily of standardized extract | May help support liver function and protect against toxin-induced damage as part of a comprehensive approach |
| Digestive support | 300-600 mg daily of standardized extract | Traditional use for digestive complaints; may help with dyspepsia and bloating |
| Antimicrobial/Antiviral support | 400-800 mg daily of standardized extract | May provide supportive benefits during infections or as preventive measure |
By Age Group
| Age Group | Dosage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (18-65) | 300-1000 mg daily based on specific health goals | Start with lower doses and increase gradually if needed; standardized extracts recommended |
| Older adults (65+) | 300-600 mg daily | Start with lower doses; monitor for potential drug interactions as polypharmacy is common in this age group |
| Children and adolescents | Not recommended | Insufficient safety data for these age groups; should not be used without medical supervision |
Titration
Starting Dose: 300 mg daily of standardized extract
Adjustment Protocol: May increase by 100-200 mg every 1-2 weeks if needed and well-tolerated
Maximum Recommended Dose: 1000 mg daily for most conditions
Cycling Recommendations
Protocol: Some practitioners recommend 8-12 weeks on, followed by 2-4 weeks off
Rationale: May help prevent tolerance development and allow assessment of effects, though clinical evidence for the necessity of cycling is limited
Special Populations
Pregnancy Lactation: Not recommended due to insufficient safety data and potential hormonal effects
Liver Impairment: May be beneficial but use with caution and at reduced doses; monitor liver function
Kidney Impairment: Limited data; use with caution and at reduced doses
Autoimmune Conditions: Consult healthcare provider due to immunomodulatory effects
Formulation Considerations
Extract Type: Supercritical CO2 extracts are generally more potent and require lower doses than water or alcohol extracts
Enhanced Delivery Systems: Liposomal, nanoparticle, or phospholipid complex formulations may allow for 30-50% lower doses
Combination Products: When combined with synergistic compounds, lower doses may be effective
Dosing Frequency
Recommendation: Due to moderate half-life of key compounds, dividing the daily dose into 2 administrations may provide better coverage
Timing: Taking with meals containing some fat may enhance absorption of lipophilic compounds
Food Additive Dosage
Regulatory Limits: As a food additive (E392), rosemary extracts are allowed in various food products at amounts of 30-1000 mg/kg, expressed as the sum of carnosol and carnosic acid
Typical Exposure: Dietary exposure from food additives is typically much lower than supplemental doses
Traditional Use Dosage
Tea: 1-2 teaspoons (2-4 g) of dried rosemary leaves steeped in 8 oz of hot water for 5-10 minutes, consumed 1-3 times daily
Tincture: 2-4 mL of 1:5 tincture, 1-3 times daily
Essential Oil: Not for internal use; for aromatherapy or topical use when properly diluted
Research Limitations
Most dosing recommendations are extrapolated from animal studies and limited human trials. Individual responses may vary significantly. Clinical trials with standardized preparations are needed to establish optimal therapeutic dosages for specific conditions.
Bioavailability
Absorption Rate
Variable depending on specific bioactive compounds; generally low to moderate for oral administration
Factors Affecting Absorption
Extraction method (water, alcohol, supercritical CO2) significantly affects the composition and bioavailability of active compounds, Poor water solubility of key compounds (carnosic acid, carnosol), Chemical instability (particularly of carnosic acid, which is prone to oxidation), Extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, P-glycoprotein efflux in the intestinal epithelium, Food matrix interactions, Standardization level of the extract (percentage of active compounds), Formulation type (powder, liquid, encapsulated)
Key Compounds Bioavailability
| Compound | Absorption Rate | Half Life | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnosic acid | Low to moderate (5-15%) | 4-6 hours | Highly lipophilic; better absorbed when taken with fatty meals; undergoes extensive metabolism to carnosol and other derivatives |
| Rosmarinic acid | Low (1-7%) | 1-2 hours | More hydrophilic than carnosic acid; undergoes extensive conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation) in the intestine and liver |
| Essential oil components | Moderate to high | Variable (1-8 hours) | Lipophilic compounds with good absorption; some components may be absorbed through the pulmonary route when inhaled |
| Flavonoids | Low (typically <5%) | Variable | Subject to extensive metabolism by gut microbiota; absorption of metabolites may be more significant than parent compounds |
Enhancement Methods
| Method | Description | Evidence Level |
|---|---|---|
| Liposomal formulations | Encapsulation in phospholipid bilayers can increase bioavailability by up to 3-5 times compared to standard formulations | Moderate – several animal studies and limited human data |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles | Lipid-based nanocarriers that enhance solubility and intestinal permeability | Moderate – demonstrated in animal studies with 2-4 fold increase in bioavailability |
| Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) | Improves solubility in gastrointestinal fluids through spontaneous emulsion formation | Moderate – shown effective in preclinical studies |
| Phospholipid complexes | Formation of phytosomes with phospholipids improves membrane permeability and absorption | Moderate – animal studies show 2-3 fold increase in bioavailability |
| Co-administration with fatty meals | Dietary fat can enhance absorption of lipophilic compounds in rosemary extract | Moderate – demonstrated in pharmacokinetic studies |
| Standardized extracts | Higher concentration of active compounds improves the likelihood of achieving therapeutic plasma levels | Moderate – logical approach based on pharmacokinetic principles |
| Supercritical CO2 extraction | Produces extracts with higher concentration of lipophilic compounds like carnosic acid and essential oils | Moderate – demonstrated superior extraction of bioactive compounds |
Metabolism
Primary Pathways: Primarily metabolized in the liver through phase I (oxidation, hydroxylation) and phase II (glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation) reactions; significant metabolism also occurs in the intestinal epithelium
Major Metabolites: Carnosic acid is metabolized to carnosol, rosmanol, and other derivatives; rosmarinic acid is metabolized to caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and their conjugates
Enterohepatic Circulation: Some compounds undergo enterohepatic circulation, which may prolong their presence in the body
Distribution
Protein Binding: Variable among compounds; carnosic acid shows high (>90%) binding to plasma proteins, primarily albumin
Tissue Distribution: Lipophilic compounds (carnosic acid, essential oils) distribute to various tissues including liver, kidney, brain, and adipose tissue; moderate blood-brain barrier penetration for some compounds
Excretion
Primary Route: Primarily eliminated through biliary excretion and feces
Secondary Routes: Urinary excretion of metabolites, particularly glucuronide and sulfate conjugates
Timing Recommendations
Optimal Timing: Best taken with meals containing some fat to enhance absorption of lipophilic compounds
Frequency: Due to moderate half-life of key compounds, twice daily dosing may be more effective than once-daily dosing
Special Considerations: Absorption may be reduced when taken with high-fiber meals; spacing from fiber supplements is recommended
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Absorption Characteristics: Complex absorption profile due to multiple active compounds with different physicochemical properties
Peak Plasma Concentration: Typically reached 1-2 hours after oral administration for most compounds
Bioavailability Enhancement Factor: Enhanced delivery systems can improve bioavailability by 2-5 fold depending on the specific formulation
Human Studies
Key Findings: In a human pharmacokinetic study with Melissa officinalis extract containing 500 mg rosmarinic acid, peak plasma concentration was reached at 1 hour with maximum serum concentration of approximately 162 nmol/L
Food Effects: Food intake increases area under the curve and delays time to maximum serum concentration for most compounds
Individual Variability: Significant inter-individual variability in absorption and metabolism has been observed, likely due to genetic differences in metabolizing enzymes and transporters
Research Limitations
Standardization Issues: Variation in extract composition makes comparison between studies difficult
Analytical Challenges: Rapid oxidation of some compounds (particularly carnosic acid) makes accurate measurement challenging
Future Directions: Need for standardized analytical methods and more comprehensive human pharmacokinetic studies with well-characterized extracts
Safety Profile
Safety Rating
Acute Toxicity
LD50: Oral LD50 in rats >8.5 g/kg body weight for typical extracts
Observations: Demonstrates very low acute toxicity in animal studies with a wide safety margin
Side Effects
| Effect | Severity | Frequency | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal discomfort | Mild | Uncommon | May include nausea, stomach upset, or diarrhea, particularly at higher doses |
| Allergic reactions | Mild to severe | Rare | As with any plant extract, allergic reactions are possible but uncommon; more likely in individuals with known allergies to plants in the Lamiaceae family (mint family) |
| Headache | Mild | Rare | Reported occasionally in limited human studies |
| Skin irritation (topical use) | Mild | Uncommon | When applied topically, may cause mild skin irritation in sensitive individuals |
| Increased sun sensitivity | Mild to moderate | Rare | Theoretical concern based on photosensitizing compounds; limited clinical evidence |
Contraindications
| Condition | Rationale |
|---|---|
| Pregnancy and lactation | Traditional contraindication; potential uterine stimulant effects; insufficient safety data |
| Scheduled surgery | Discontinue 2 weeks before surgery due to potential anticoagulant effects |
| Known hypersensitivity | Avoid if allergic to rosemary or plants in the Lamiaceae family (mint, sage, basil, etc.) |
| Seizure disorders | Theoretical concern based on reports of seizures with very high doses of rosemary essential oil; standardized extracts likely pose minimal risk at recommended doses |
| Hormone-sensitive conditions | Limited data on hormonal effects; use with caution in hormone-sensitive conditions |
Drug Interactions
| Drug Class | Interaction Type | Severity | Mechanism | Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets | Potentiation | Moderate | May enhance anticoagulant effects | Monitor for increased bleeding risk; consider dose adjustments |
| Cytochrome P450 substrates | Inhibition | Moderate | May inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 enzymes | Monitor for increased effects of drugs metabolized by these pathways |
| Iron supplements | Reduced absorption | Mild | Tannins in rosemary extract may form complexes with iron, reducing absorption | Separate administration by at least 2 hours |
| Antidiabetic medications | Potentiation | Moderate | May enhance hypoglycemic effects | Monitor blood glucose levels; dose adjustments may be necessary |
| Diuretics | Potentiation | Mild | May enhance diuretic effects | Monitor for increased diuresis and potential electrolyte imbalances |
| Lithium | Potentiation | Moderate | Theoretical risk of increased lithium levels due to diuretic effects | Monitor lithium levels; use with caution |
| ACE inhibitors | Potentiation | Mild | Theoretical additive effect on blood pressure | Monitor blood pressure; use with caution |
Upper Limit
Established UL: No officially established upper limit for supplements
Research Observations: Doses up to 1000 mg daily of standardized extract appear well-tolerated in limited human studies
Safety Concerns: Doses above 1000 mg daily have not been well-studied in humans and should be approached with caution
Long Term Safety
Chronic Toxicity Data: Limited long-term human data; animal studies suggest good tolerability with chronic administration
Bioaccumulation: No evidence of significant bioaccumulation in tissues
Adaptation Effects: No significant tolerance or adaptation effects reported
Special Populations
Pediatric: Not recommended due to insufficient safety data
Geriatric: Start with lower doses; monitor for drug interactions
Hepatic Impairment: Generally considered safe for liver health; may have hepatoprotective effects
Renal Impairment: Limited data; use with caution at reduced doses
Monitoring Recommendations
Suggested Tests: No specific monitoring required for most individuals; consider monitoring relevant parameters based on specific health conditions
Frequency: Before beginning supplementation and periodically during long-term use if relevant
Warning Signs: Persistent gastrointestinal distress, signs of allergic reaction, unusual fatigue, or increased bleeding tendency
Regulatory Safety Assessments
Efsa: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated rosemary extracts and concluded they do not pose safety concerns when used as food additives within specified limits
Fda: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers rosemary extracts to be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as food additives
Jecfa: The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day, expressed as the sum of carnosic acid and carnosol
Food Vs Supplement Safety
Food Use: Long history of safe use as a culinary herb and food preservative
Supplement Considerations: Concentrated extracts may contain significantly higher levels of active compounds than culinary use; follow recommended dosages
Essential Oil Safety
Internal Use: Rosemary essential oil is not recommended for internal use except under professional supervision
Topical Use: Should be diluted appropriately (typically 1-5% in carrier oil) for topical application
Aromatherapy: Generally safe when used as directed; avoid direct inhalation in individuals with asthma or respiratory conditions
Genotoxicity Carcinogenicity
Genotoxicity: No evidence of genotoxicity in available studies
Carcinogenicity: No evidence of carcinogenic potential; may have anti-cancer properties
Reproductive Developmental Toxicity
Fertility: Limited data; no significant adverse effects on fertility reported in animal studies at normal doses
Pregnancy: Traditionally contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential uterine stimulant effects; insufficient data for definitive recommendations
Lactation: Insufficient data for use during lactation; avoid as a precautionary measure
Regulatory Status
Food Additive Status
Eu
- Approved food additive E392 (rosemary extracts)
- Extracts must contain ≥ 15% of carnosic acid and carnosol combined (expressed as carnosic acid)
- Allowed in various food products at amounts of 30-1000 mg/kg, expressed as the sum of carnosol and carnosic acid
- Must be labeled as ‘extract of rosemary’ or ‘extract of rosemary (E392)’
- Approved in 2010 following positive safety evaluation by EFSA
Us
- Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
- Various GRAS notifications for specific extract types and applications
- Varies by specific GRAS notification and intended use
- Must be listed in ingredients as ‘rosemary extract’ or similar term
- Multiple successful GRAS notifications to FDA
Codex Alimentarius
- Not listed in the General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA)
- Individual countries may follow EU or US regulations
Japan
- Approved food additive
- Similar to EU specifications
- Used primarily as a natural preservative
Dietary Supplement Status
Us
- Dietary ingredient under DSHEA
- No FDA-approved health claims
- Limited to general statements about supporting antioxidant activity, cognitive function, and healthy inflammatory response
- Long history of use as a dietary supplement ingredient
- Not considered a New Dietary Ingredient due to pre-DSHEA use
Eu
- Food supplement ingredient
- No approved health claims under European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulations
- May qualify for traditional herbal medicinal product registration in some EU countries
- Not considered a novel food due to significant history of consumption
Canada
- Natural Health Product (NHP) ingredient
- Ingredient in licensed Natural Health Products
- Limited to traditional claims for general health
- Must comply with Natural Health Products Regulations
Australia
- Listed complementary medicine ingredient
- Ingredient in listed complementary medicines
- Limited to general health maintenance claims
- Regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
Cosmetic Regulations
Eu
- Approved cosmetic ingredient
- No specific restrictions
- Must be listed in INCI name (Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract)
- Used in various cosmetic applications including anti-aging, hair care, and skin care products
Us
- Approved cosmetic ingredient
- No specific restrictions
- Must be listed in ingredients
- FDA does not specifically regulate cosmetic ingredients except for color additives
Japan
- Approved cosmetic ingredient
- No specific restrictions
- Used in various cosmetic applications
Pharmaceutical Status
Approved Drugs: No approved pharmaceutical products containing rosemary extract as the active ingredient
Clinical Trials: Limited clinical trials for specific conditions; primarily investigated as a component of plant extracts
Orphan Drug Status: No orphan drug designations
Investigational Status: Under investigation for multiple conditions but not designated as an Investigational New Drug (IND) in the US
Safety Assessments
Efsa
- The European Food Safety Authority has evaluated rosemary extracts and established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day, expressed as the sum of carnosic acid and carnosol
- 2008, updated in 2015
- No safety concerns at the proposed uses and use levels as a food additive
Jecfa
- The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has evaluated rosemary extracts and established specifications
- 2016
- No safety concerns at current estimated dietary exposures
Fda
- Multiple GRAS notifications reviewed with ‘no questions’ letters issued
- Generally recognized as safe for specified uses
Quality Standards
Pharmacopeial Monographs
- Monograph for rosemary leaf (Rosmarini folium) but not specifically for extract
- No official United States Pharmacopeia monograph for rosemary extract
- No official Japanese Pharmacopoeia monograph
Industry Standards
- Specifications for food additive use (E392) well-established in EU regulations
- Various industry specifications exist for commercial products, typically requiring standardized content of active compounds
Import Export Regulations
Restrictions: No specific restrictions on import/export in most countries
Documentation: Standard documentation for botanical ingredients typically required
Tariff Classifications: Typically classified under botanical extracts or food additives depending on intended use
Regulatory Trends
Increasing Scrutiny: Growing interest from regulatory bodies in standardization and quality control
Harmonization Efforts: Some harmonization of food additive specifications between major regulatory bodies
Future Outlook: Likely to remain available as a food additive and dietary ingredient while pharmaceutical applications continue to be explored
Patent Status
Extract Patents: Various patents exist for specific extraction methods and standardized extracts
Formulation Patents: Multiple patents exist for enhanced delivery systems and specific formulations
Application Patents: Patents exist for specific applications in food preservation, cognitive health, and metabolic health
Regulatory Challenges
Standardization: Variability in extract composition creates challenges for consistent regulation
Claim Substantiation: Difficulty in substantiating specific health claims due to limited large-scale clinical trials
Botanical Complexity: Complex mixture of compounds makes comprehensive safety assessment challenging
Country Specific Regulations
China
- Approved as food ingredient and flavoring
- Regulated under health food regulations
- Not a major component of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Brazil
- Approved as food ingredient and in phytotherapeutic products
- Regulated by ANVISA
India
- Approved as food ingredient and in Ayurvedic preparations
- Regulated by FSSAI for food use
Synergistic Compounds
| Compound | Synergy Mechanism | Evidence Rating | Research Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turmeric/Curcumin | Complementary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through different molecular pathways. Curcumin primarily works through NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation, while rosemary extract has additional mechanisms including direct radical scavenging and activation of antioxidant enzymes. | 3 | Multiple studies have shown enhanced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects when these compounds are combined. A study demonstrated synergistic growth inhibition of breast cancer cells when carnosic acid (from rosemary) was combined with curcumin. |
| Green Tea Extract/EGCG | Complementary antioxidant and metabolic effects through different molecular pathways. EGCG has additional effects on lipid metabolism and thermogenesis that may enhance rosemary extract’s metabolic benefits. | 2 | In vitro and animal studies show enhanced antioxidant protection and metabolic benefits when combined. Both compounds activate AMPK through different mechanisms, potentially leading to synergistic effects on energy metabolism. |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Complementary anti-inflammatory effects through different pathways. Omega-3s primarily affect eicosanoid production, while rosemary extract inhibits NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. | 2 | Limited but promising evidence for enhanced anti-inflammatory effects when combined. Omega-3s may also enhance the absorption of lipophilic compounds in rosemary extract. |
| Vitamin E | Complementary antioxidant effects through different mechanisms. Vitamin E primarily protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation, while rosemary extract has broader antioxidant activities including Nrf2 activation. | 2 | In vitro and animal studies show enhanced antioxidant protection when combined. Vitamin E may also help stabilize the active compounds in rosemary extract, particularly carnosic acid, which is prone to oxidation. |
| Milk Thistle/Silymarin | Complementary hepatoprotective effects through different mechanisms. Silymarin primarily enhances glutathione production and membrane stabilization, while rosemary extract activates Nrf2 and inhibits lipid peroxidation. | 2 | Animal studies show enhanced liver protection against toxins when combined. Both compounds support phase II detoxification enzymes through different pathways. |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Complementary neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects. Ginkgo primarily improves cerebral blood flow and platelet-activating factor inhibition, while rosemary extract provides antioxidant protection and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. | 1 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary mechanisms; limited direct studies on the combination. |
| Berberine | Complementary metabolic effects through different molecular pathways. Berberine activates AMPK and inhibits intestinal disaccharidases, while rosemary extract enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces lipogenesis. | 1 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary mechanisms; limited direct studies on the combination. |
| Phosphatidylcholine | Forms complexes with lipophilic compounds in rosemary extract that enhance membrane permeability and absorption. Also provides complementary benefits for liver health. | 2 | Phytosome formulations of rosemary extract with phosphatidylcholine show significantly enhanced bioavailability of key compounds like carnosic acid. |
| Zinc | Zinc has complementary antioxidant and immune-modulating properties. May enhance the neuroprotective effects of rosemary extract. | 1 | Theoretical synergy based on complementary mechanisms; limited direct studies on the combination. |
| Sage Extract | Contains similar bioactive compounds (carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid) but in different proportions, along with unique compounds that may provide complementary effects. Both are members of the Lamiaceae family with overlapping and distinct properties. | 2 | Traditional use often combines these herbs; limited scientific studies on the combination show enhanced antioxidant and cognitive effects. |
| Lemon Balm Extract | Rich in rosmarinic acid like rosemary, but with additional unique compounds. Lemon balm has stronger GABA-modulating effects, while rosemary has stronger effects on dopamine and acetylcholine systems. | 2 | Traditional use often combines these herbs; limited scientific studies on the combination show enhanced neuroprotective effects. |
| Black Pepper Extract/Piperine | Enhances bioavailability of many compounds by inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux and first-pass metabolism in the liver. May improve absorption of key compounds in rosemary extract. | 1 | Demonstrated to enhance bioavailability of many compounds with similar absorption limitations; specific studies with rosemary extract are limited but promising. |
Antagonistic Compounds
Cost Efficiency
Relative Cost
Low to medium
Cost Factors
| Factor | Impact | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Source material availability | Low impact on cost | Rosemary is widely cultivated globally and readily available as a raw material |
| Extraction method | High impact on cost | Supercritical CO2 extraction is significantly more expensive than conventional solvent extraction methods |
| Standardization level | High impact on cost | Higher standardization levels (e.g., 20% carnosic acid vs. 5%) require more sophisticated processing and increase cost |
| Formulation complexity | High impact on cost for enhanced formulations | Bioavailability-enhanced formulations (liposomes, nanoparticles) add significant cost |
| Scale of production | Moderate impact on cost | Produced at large scale for food industry applications, which helps reduce costs for supplement applications |
| Organic certification | Moderate impact on cost | Organic certified extracts command a premium price |
Cost By Extract Type
| Extract Type | Relative Cost | Price Range | Cost Per Effective Dose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water extract (low in carnosic acid) | Low | $20-40/kg bulk | $0.10-0.20 per day (500-1000 mg) |
| Ethanol extract (moderate carnosic acid) | Low to medium | $40-80/kg bulk | $0.15-0.30 per day (400-800 mg) |
| Supercritical CO2 extract (high carnosic acid) | Medium to high | $100-300/kg bulk | $0.30-0.90 per day (100-300 mg) |
| Enhanced delivery formulations | High | $300-1000/kg bulk | $0.90-3.00 per day (100-300 mg) |
Consumer Cost
Standard Supplements: $10-30 for a 30-day supply of standard extract capsules
Premium Supplements: $25-60 for a 30-day supply of high-potency or enhanced delivery formulations
Food Grade Extracts: Significantly lower cost when used as a food additive due to large-scale production
Price Trends
Historical Trend: Relatively stable over the past decade with slight increases due to growing demand
Future Projections: Likely to remain stable or decrease slightly as production scales increase and more efficient extraction methods are developed
Market Factors: Growing demand for natural preservatives and cognitive health supplements may maintain upward pressure on prices
Cost Comparison
| Comparable Product | Relative Cost | Efficacy Comparison |
|---|---|---|
| Isolated carnosic acid | Rosemary extract is much less expensive | Whole extract may provide synergistic benefits from multiple compounds |
| Isolated rosmarinic acid | Rosemary extract is less expensive | Whole extract provides additional benefits from carnosic acid and other compounds |
| Synthetic antioxidants (BHT, BHA) | Rosemary extract is more expensive | More comprehensive benefits beyond simple antioxidant activity; better safety profile and consumer acceptance |
| Ginkgo biloba extract | Similar or slightly less expensive | Different mechanism of action for cognitive benefits; complementary effects |
| Prescription cognitive enhancers | Much less expensive | Generally milder effects but fewer side effects; not a replacement for prescription drugs in serious conditions |
Value Analysis
Cost Benefit Assessment: High value for general health support; moderate to high value for specific applications like cognitive support and antioxidant protection
Factors Affecting Value: Standardization level significantly impacts value; higher standardization generally provides better value despite higher cost, Enhanced delivery systems offer better value for specific applications despite higher cost due to improved absorption, Value increases for individuals with specific health concerns addressed by rosemary extract’s mechanisms, Dual-use as both culinary herb and supplement provides additional value
Optimal Value Approaches: Selecting extracts standardized for specific active compounds based on intended health benefits, Using CO2 extracts for applications requiring high carnosic acid content, Combination products leveraging synergistic compounds may offer better overall value
Economic Accessibility
Affordability Assessment: Highly accessible for regular use in standard forms; enhanced formulations remain affordable for most consumers
Insurance Coverage: Generally not covered by health insurance
Cost Reduction Strategies: Growing rosemary at home for culinary and tea use provides low-cost access to moderate amounts, Bulk purchasing can reduce per-dose cost, Standard extracts provide good value for most applications
Sustainability Economics
Environmental Cost Factors: Low to moderate environmental footprint; rosemary is a drought-tolerant crop with minimal agricultural inputs
Sustainable Sourcing Impact: Organic cultivation can improve environmental sustainability with minimal cost impact
Long Term Economic Outlook: Likely to remain economically viable and potentially improve as production methods advance
Target Demographic Value
Elderly Individuals: High value for cognitive support and antioxidant protection
Individuals With Metabolic Conditions: Moderate to high value for metabolic support
General Wellness: High value as part of a comprehensive supplement regimen
Food Industry: High value as a natural preservative alternative to synthetic antioxidants
Research Investment Efficiency
Cost Per Publication: High research output relative to investment
Translation To Clinical Applications: Moderate success in translating research findings to clinical applications
Future Research Priorities: Standardized clinical trials and enhanced delivery systems offer the best return on research investment
Home Cultivation Economics
Feasibility: High – rosemary is easy to grow in home gardens or containers
Yield Estimates: A mature rosemary plant can provide 100-200 g of fresh leaves annually
Cost Savings: Significant savings for culinary use; moderate savings for tea preparation; minimal impact on supplement use due to concentration differences
Dual Use Value
Culinary And Supplement: Provides dual value as both a culinary herb and health supplement
Food Preservation And Health: Dual benefits as both a natural food preservative and health-promoting ingredient
Economic Implications: Multi-purpose applications increase overall economic value and market potential
Stability Information
Shelf Life
Dry Extracts: 18-36 months when stored properly
Liquid Extracts: 12-24 months when stored properly
Enhanced Delivery Formulations: 12-24 months depending on formulation and packaging
Storage Recommendations
Temperature: Store at room temperature (15-25°C); avoid exposure to high temperatures
Light: Protect from light; amber or opaque containers recommended
Humidity: Store in a dry place; avoid exposure to high humidity
Packaging: Airtight containers preferred; nitrogen-flushed packaging may extend shelf life for products high in carnosic acid
Key Compounds Stability
| Compound | Stability Profile | Critical Factors | Stabilization Methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnosic acid | Highly susceptible to oxidation; converts to carnosol and other oxidation products | Oxygen exposure, heat, light, metal ions | Antioxidants, oxygen-barrier packaging, refrigeration, inert gas |
| Rosmarinic acid | Moderately stable; susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis | pH extremes, heat, light | pH control, antioxidants, protection from light |
| Essential oil components | Volatile; susceptible to evaporation and oxidation | Heat, oxygen exposure, container permeability | Airtight packaging, cool storage |
| Flavonoids | Relatively stable; some susceptibility to oxidation | pH, light, metal ions | pH control, protection from light, chelating agents |
Degradation Factors
| Factor | Impact | Prevention |
|---|---|---|
| Oxidation | High impact; primary degradation pathway for key compounds, particularly carnosic acid | Use of antioxidants, oxygen-barrier packaging, nitrogen flushing, and refrigerated storage |
| Heat | Moderate to high impact; accelerates oxidation and may cause volatilization of essential oils | Avoid exposure to high temperatures during processing and storage |
| Light | Moderate impact; can catalyze oxidation reactions | Opaque or amber containers; storage away from direct light |
| pH extremes | Moderate impact; affects stability of phenolic compounds | Buffer formulations to maintain optimal pH range (5-7) |
| Metal ions | High impact; transition metal ions (especially iron and copper) catalyze oxidation | Use of chelating agents (e.g., EDTA) in formulations; avoid metal containers |
| Moisture | Moderate impact; can accelerate hydrolysis and microbial growth | Proper drying of extracts; moisture-resistant packaging; inclusion of desiccants |
Compatibility With Delivery Systems
Capsules: Good compatibility with vegetable or gelatin capsules when properly formulated with antioxidants
Tablets: Moderate compatibility; requires appropriate excipients and antioxidants
Liquid Formulations: Variable stability; oil-based formulations generally provide better stability for lipophilic compounds
Liposomes: Good compatibility; enhances stability and bioavailability
Nanoparticles: Good compatibility with various nanoparticle systems; may enhance stability
Topical Formulations: Good compatibility with various dermatological bases; stability depends on formulation
Stability Enhancing Additives
| Additive | Mechanism | Typical Concentration |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin E (mixed tocopherols) | Antioxidant protection | 0.1-0.5% |
| Ascorbyl palmitate | Antioxidant protection | 0.1-0.3% |
| Rosemary essential oil | Natural antioxidant protection; synergistic with extract | 0.1-0.3% |
| EDTA | Metal chelation to prevent catalytic oxidation | 0.05-0.1% |
| Citric acid | pH adjustment; metal chelation | 0.1-0.3% |
| Medium-chain triglycerides | Protective matrix for lipophilic compounds | Variable based on formulation |
Stability Testing Methods
Accelerated stability testing (elevated temperature and humidity), Real-time stability testing under recommended storage conditions, Photostability testing according to ICH guidelines, HPLC analysis for quantification of key compounds and detection of degradation products, Antioxidant activity assays to monitor functional stability
Special Handling Considerations
Manufacturing: Minimize exposure to light, heat, and oxygen during processing; consider inert gas protection for sensitive operations
Transportation: Maintain temperature control; avoid extreme conditions
Reconstitution: For powdered formulations, reconstitute immediately before use in appropriate vehicles
Formulation Stability Considerations
PH Stability Range: Most stable at pH 5-7; avoid strongly acidic or alkaline formulations
Excipient Compatibility: Compatible with most common pharmaceutical excipients; avoid oxidizing agents and high concentrations of transition metal ions
Solvent Compatibility: Lipophilic compounds soluble in ethanol, oils, and other organic solvents; rosmarinic acid moderately soluble in water
Extraction Method Impact
Supercritical Co2: Extracts high in carnosic acid and essential oils; generally more stable due to minimal exposure to oxygen and heat during extraction
Ethanol: Balanced extracts; moderate stability
Water: Extracts high in rosmarinic acid and low in carnosic acid; generally more stable due to lower content of oxidation-prone compounds
Stability During Processing
Drying: Moderate losses (10-30%) during spray drying or other drying processes
Heating: Significant losses (30-70%) during high-temperature processing
Homogenization: Minimal impact if performed under controlled conditions
Filtration: Minimal impact on stability
Sourcing
Botanical Source
- Rosmarinus officinalis L. (now classified as Salvia rosmarinus)
- Lamiaceae (mint family)
- Primarily leaves, sometimes flowering tops
- Mediterranean region (Spain, Italy, Greece, North Africa)
- Widely cultivated globally, with major production in Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, France, and Italy
Extraction Methods
Supercritical CO2 extraction
Ethanol extraction
Water extraction
Hydroalcoholic extraction
Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Standardization Methods
| Target Compounds | Typical Ranges | Analytical Methods | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnosic acid and carnosol | 2-20% carnosic acid; 1-10% carnosol | HPLC, LC-MS | Food additives (E392), antioxidant supplements, neuroprotective applications |
| Rosmarinic acid | 1-6% rosmarinic acid | HPLC, LC-MS | Anti-inflammatory supplements, skin care products |
| Essential oil content | 1-2.5% essential oil | GC-MS | Aromatherapy products, flavor applications |
| Total phenolic content | 10-25% total phenolics | Folin-Ciocalteu assay, HPLC | General antioxidant supplements |
Quality Considerations
- Commercial extracts typically standardized to specific percentages of active compounds
- Dilution with cheaper extracts, synthetic antioxidants, non-standardized extracts with variable content
- HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR are standard methods for identity and purity confirmation
- Carnosic acid is highly susceptible to oxidation; proper storage and handling are critical
Commercial Forms
Standardized dry extracts
Liquid extracts
Oil-soluble extracts
Enhanced delivery systems
Industry Trends
- Increasing interest in natural preservatives, cognitive health supplements, and metabolic health applications
- Development of high-yielding cultivars with specific phytochemical profiles
- Growing demand driving increased production and research into enhanced delivery systems
- Movement toward organic cultivation, sustainable harvesting practices, and eco-friendly extraction methods
Cultivation Considerations
- Well-drained soil, full sun, moderate water; drought-tolerant once established
- Just before or during flowering for optimal phytochemical content
- Rapid drying at moderate temperatures (30-40°C) helps preserve active compounds
- Organic cultivation preferred; some studies suggest higher phenolic content in plants grown under organic conditions
Regulatory Considerations
- Approved as food additive E392 in the European Union with specified maximum levels in various food categories
- Generally recognized as a component of dietary supplements in most countries
- Not considered a novel food in most jurisdictions due to long history of use
- Generally not restricted; must comply with agricultural and food safety regulations
Historical Usage
Traditional Medicine Systems
| System | Applications | Historical Preparations | Historical Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean Traditional Medicine | Memory enhancement, Mental clarity, Digestive disorders, Respiratory conditions, Circulatory support, Headache relief, Joint and muscle pain, Hair and scalp health, Food preservation | Infusions and decoctions, Herbal wines and spirits, Aromatic oils and tinctures, Poultices and compresses, Culinary use as preservative and flavoring | Dating back to ancient Greece and Rome; extensively documented in classical and medieval texts |
| European Folk Medicine | Memory improvement, Protection against evil spirits, Purification rituals, Digestive support, Respiratory ailments, Topical antiseptic, Preservative for meats and other foods | Teas and infusions, Smudging and incense, Herbal baths, Aromatic sachets, Culinary herbs for food preservation | Medieval through modern times |
| Middle Eastern Traditional Medicine | Memory enhancement, Digestive disorders, Respiratory conditions, Antimicrobial applications, Headache relief | Herbal infusions, Herbal mixtures with honey, Aromatic preparations, Culinary applications | Dating back several centuries in Persian and Arabic medical texts |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Introduced later than native herbs, Used for promoting blood circulation, Relieving pain, Treating digestive disorders | Decoctions with other herbs, Topical applications | Introduced through trade routes; not as prominent as in Mediterranean traditions |
Modern Discovery
Scientific Investigation: Systematic scientific investigation began in the early 20th century
Key Compounds Identification: Carnosic acid identified in the 1950s; rosmarinic acid isolated and characterized in 1958
Antioxidant Properties: Potent antioxidant properties scientifically documented in the 1980s-1990s
Food Preservative Development: Development as a natural food preservative gained momentum in the 1990s-2000s
Key Researchers: Brieskorn CH and colleagues – Early isolation and characterization of carnosic acid, Scarpati ML and Oriente G – Isolation and characterization of rosmarinic acid, Aruoma OI and colleagues – Early work on antioxidant properties
Evolution Of Usage
Ancient Times: Used primarily for religious ceremonies, memory enhancement, and food preservation
Middle Ages: Expanded medicinal applications; associated with protection and purification
Renaissance Period: Documented in numerous herbals; used for memory, digestion, and circulation
19th Century: Continued traditional use; early scientific investigations
20th Century: Identification of active compounds; development of standardized extracts
Modern Era: Development as food additive; expanded research into neuroprotective, metabolic, and anticancer properties; creation of enhanced delivery systems
Cultural Significance
| Culture | Significance |
|---|---|
| Ancient Greek and Roman | Symbol of remembrance and fidelity; used by students during examinations to enhance memory; associated with Aphrodite/Venus |
| Medieval European | Symbol of remembrance; used in wedding ceremonies and funeral rites; planted on graves |
| Mediterranean | Essential culinary herb; used for food preservation in hot climates before refrigeration |
| British/European | Symbol of remembrance; ‘rosemary for remembrance’ in literature and folklore |
Historical Safety Record
Traditional Use Safety: Generally considered safe based on centuries of traditional use
Documented Adverse Effects: Few historical reports of adverse effects when used in traditional preparations
Historical Contraindications: Traditionally contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential uterine stimulant effects
Key Historical Texts
| Text | Relevance |
|---|---|
| De Materia Medica by Dioscorides (1st century CE) | Early documentation of medicinal uses of rosemary |
| Natural History by Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) | Detailed descriptions of rosemary’s uses in Roman society |
| Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (11th century) | Detailed descriptions of medicinal uses of rosemary in Arabic medicine |
| The English Physician by Nicholas Culpeper (17th century) | Descriptions of medicinal uses of rosemary in European tradition |
| Hamlet by William Shakespeare (late 16th/early 17th century) | Famous reference to rosemary as a symbol of remembrance: ‘There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance’ |
Transition To Modern Use
Scientific Validation: Modern research has validated many traditional uses, particularly for cognitive enhancement, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects
Food Industry Applications: Development as a natural food preservative (E392 in the European Union)
Pharmaceutical Development: Development of standardized extracts for various health applications
Supplement Market Emergence: Increasingly available as a dietary supplement for cognitive health, antioxidant support, and metabolic health
Historical Preparation Methods
Infusions: Steeping dried or fresh rosemary in hot water for 5-10 minutes
Decoctions: Boiling rosemary in water for longer periods to extract less soluble components
Tinctures: Extraction in alcohol or wine for medicinal use
Infused Oils: Extraction into oils for culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic applications
Essential Oil Distillation: Traditional steam distillation to produce essential oil
Historical Vs Modern Usage
Similarities: Continued use for cognitive enhancement, digestive support, and antimicrobial applications
Differences: Modern focus on specific standardized compounds versus traditional whole herb approach; development of enhanced delivery systems; use as standardized food additive
Scientific Basis: Modern understanding of specific compounds and mechanisms of action provides scientific basis for many traditional uses
Historical Dosage Forms
Traditional Tea: 1-2 teaspoons (2-4 g) of dried rosemary leaves steeped in 8 oz of hot water
Culinary Use: Fresh or dried leaves added to foods, typically 1-2 sprigs or 1/2-1 teaspoon dried
Medicinal Wine: Rosemary steeped in wine for several days to weeks
Topical Applications: Infused oils, poultices, and compresses applied externally
Scientific Evidence
Evidence Rating
Rating Rationale: Moderate evidence from numerous preclinical studies and limited human trials. Strong mechanistic understanding but lacks large-scale clinical trials for most applications. Extensive traditional use and food additive safety data provide additional support.
Key Studies
Meta Analyses
Ongoing Trials
Investigation of rosemary extract for cognitive enhancement in mild cognitive impairment, Evaluation of rosemary extract for metabolic syndrome and weight management, Studies on enhanced delivery systems for rosemary extract in inflammatory conditions, Topical applications of rosemary extract for dermatological conditions
Research Gaps
Clinical Validation: Large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are needed to validate preclinical findings
Standardization: Better standardization of extracts is needed for consistent research outcomes and clinical applications
Bioavailability: Further research on enhancing bioavailability in humans is critical
Long Term Effects: Studies on long-term safety and efficacy are lacking
Dosing Optimization: Optimal dosing regimens for specific conditions need to be established
Drug Interactions: More comprehensive evaluation of potential drug interactions is needed
Comparative Effectiveness: Studies comparing rosemary extract to established treatments for various conditions
Contradictory Findings
Cognitive Effects: Some studies show cognitive enhancement at low doses but impairment at high doses, suggesting a biphasic dose-response relationship
Bioavailability Impact: Disagreement on the clinical relevance of poor bioavailability, with some researchers suggesting local gastrointestinal effects may be beneficial regardless of systemic absorption
Extraction Methods: Different extraction methods yield extracts with varying compositions and potentially different biological effects, making comparison between studies challenging
Expert Opinions
Consensus View: Generally recognized as a promising natural extract with multiple health benefits, particularly for antioxidant, neuroprotective, and metabolic applications
Areas Of Disagreement: Optimal extraction methods, standardization, dosing, and specific clinical applications remain subjects of debate
Future Directions: Focus on enhanced delivery systems, standardized extracts, and targeted clinical trials is recommended by most experts
Population Specific Evidence
Neurodegenerative Conditions: Strong preclinical evidence for potential benefits in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions
Metabolic Syndrome: Moderate evidence for benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome
Inflammatory Conditions: Moderate evidence for benefits in various inflammatory disorders
Skin Conditions: Moderate evidence for benefits in dermatological applications
Preclinical To Clinical Translation
Success Rate: Limited translation of promising preclinical findings to clinical applications thus far
Barriers: Standardization issues, bioavailability limitations, limited funding for natural product research, and regulatory challenges
Promising Areas: Enhanced delivery systems and specific clinical applications in neurological and metabolic conditions show the most potential for successful clinical translation
Food Additive Evidence
Safety Data: Extensive safety data from use as a food additive (E392) in the European Union
Regulatory Evaluations: Positive evaluations from EFSA, FDA, and JECFA support safety for human consumption
Exposure Assessment: Typical dietary exposure from food additive use is well below levels of toxicological concern
Traditional Use Evidence
Historical Documentation: Extensive documentation of traditional use for various conditions in multiple cultural traditions
Ethnopharmacological Validation: Modern research has validated many traditional uses, particularly for cognitive enhancement, digestive support, and antimicrobial effects
Limitations: Traditional use evidence, while valuable, often lacks standardization and controlled observations
Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications.