White Mulberry Leaf Extract

• Blood glucose regulation
• Carbohydrate metabolism support
• Antioxidant protection
• Metabolic health support

• Cardiovascular health support
• Weight management
• Lipid profile improvement
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Liver protection
• Neuroprotective properties
• Immune system modulation
• Gut health support

White mulberry leaf extract exerts its biological effects through multiple mechanisms, with its most notable action being the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose levels. The primary active compound responsible for this effect is 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars like glucose. By inhibiting this enzyme, DNJ delays the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, resulting in a slower and more gradual rise in postprandial blood glucose levels.

This mechanism is particularly beneficial for managing glycemic response after meals and supporting overall metabolic health. Beyond DNJ, white mulberry leaf contains other bioactive compounds including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid), and alkaloids that contribute to its diverse physiological effects. The extract exhibits significant antioxidant properties through multiple pathways: direct scavenging of free radicals, chelation of transition metal ions, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense systems including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These antioxidant effects help protect cells from oxidative damage and may contribute to the extract’s overall health benefits.

White mulberry leaf extract also demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This anti-inflammatory action may contribute to its beneficial effects on metabolic health, as chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. In terms of lipid metabolism, white mulberry leaf extract has been shown to modulate lipid profiles by inhibiting lipid absorption, enhancing fatty acid oxidation, and reducing lipogenesis. It may inhibit pancreatic lipase activity, reducing dietary fat absorption, and activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of energy metabolism that promotes fatty acid oxidation and inhibits lipid synthesis.

The extract also appears to enhance insulin sensitivity through multiple mechanisms, including the activation of insulin receptor substrates, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways. Additionally, it may increase glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell membrane, facilitating glucose uptake into cells. White mulberry leaf extract has demonstrated hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress in liver tissue, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and enhancing detoxification enzymes. It may also modulate gut microbiota composition, promoting beneficial bacteria that contribute to improved metabolic health and immune function.

Neuroprotective effects have been observed, potentially through antioxidant mechanisms, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and modulation of neurotransmitter systems. These diverse mechanisms of action collectively contribute to white mulberry leaf extract’s potential benefits for metabolic health, cardiovascular function, and overall well-being.

The optimal dosage of white mulberry leaf extract varies depending on the specific formulation, standardization level (particularly 1-deoxynojirimycin/DNJ content), and intended health benefit. For standardized extracts, typical daily doses range from 250-3,000 mg, with most clinical studies using 500-1,000 mg daily. For extracts standardized to DNJ content, effective doses typically provide 1-10 mg of DNJ daily.

There is no established Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for white mulberry leaf extract as

it is not classified as an essential nutrient.

The bioavailability of white mulberry leaf extract varies significantly depending on the specific compounds and formulation. 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), the primary active compound, has moderate bioavailability with approximately 20-40% absorption when taken orally. However, its local action in the gastrointestinal tract as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor does not require systemic absorption to be effective for blood glucose management. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the extract generally have lower bioavailability (5-10%) due to their molecular size and polarity, though they may undergo metabolism by gut microbiota to produce more bioavailable metabolites.

Water-soluble components are typically absorbed more readily than fat-soluble components. Standardized extracts with higher concentrations of active compounds generally offer better bioavailability than raw leaf powder.

Taking white mulberry leaf extract 5-10 minutes before meals to maximize its effect on carbohydrate digestion and absorption, Using standardized extracts with higher DNJ content for more consistent and potent effects, Consuming with a small amount of healthy fat to potentially enhance absorption of fat-soluble components, Liposomal formulations that encapsulate active compounds in phospholipid bilayers, potentially improving absorption, Fermented mulberry leaf preparations may enhance bioavailability through breakdown of complex compounds into more absorbable forms, Combining with piperine (black pepper extract) may inhibit certain metabolizing enzymes and enhance bioavailability of some compounds, Micronized or nanoparticle formulations can increase surface area and improve dissolution and absorption, Enteric-coated formulations may protect certain compounds from stomach acid degradation, Consuming with vitamin C or other antioxidants may help preserve the stability of certain compounds during digestion

For blood glucose management, white mulberry leaf extract is most effective when taken 5-10 minutes before carbohydrate-containing meals to allow the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to be present in the small intestine when food arrives. This timing is crucial for its primary mechanism of action. For general health benefits and antioxidant effects, the extract can be taken with or without food, though taking with meals may reduce potential mild gastrointestinal effects in sensitive individuals. When using multiple daily doses for lipid management or other systemic effects, spacing doses throughout the day (morning, midday, and evening) may provide more consistent blood levels of active compounds.

For individuals taking medications, it’s advisable to separate white mulberry leaf extract by at least 2 hours from prescription medications to avoid potential interactions, particularly with drugs that have a narrow therapeutic window. If using white mulberry leaf extract specifically for its effects on postprandial glucose, prioritize taking it before the largest or most carbohydrate-rich meals of the day if not taking before all meals. Consistency in timing from day to day may help maintain steady effects, particularly for blood glucose and lipid management.

• Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (uncommon)
• Bloating or gas (uncommon)
• Mild diarrhea (rare)
• Nausea (rare)
• Headache (very rare)
• Dizziness (very rare)
• Hypoglycemia, especially when combined with diabetes medications (rare)
• Allergic reactions in sensitive individuals (very rare)

• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to mulberry or plants in the Moraceae family
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to insufficient safety data)
• Scheduled surgery (discontinue 2 weeks before due to potential effects on blood glucose)
• Severe hypoglycemia or unstable diabetes (may enhance effects of diabetes medications)
• Autoimmune conditions (theoretical concern due to immunomodulatory effects)
• Severe liver or kidney disease (use with caution due to limited safety data)

• Diabetes medications (insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas): May enhance hypoglycemic effects, potentially requiring dosage adjustments
• Medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes: Potential for interactions, though clinical significance is unclear
• Immunosuppressants: Theoretical concern for interaction due to immunomodulatory effects
• Medications for high blood pressure: May have additive effects
• Medications with narrow therapeutic windows: Take at least 2 hours apart from mulberry extract
• Medications affected by changes in gastrointestinal absorption rate: May be affected due to mulberry’s effects on digestive enzymes

No official Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL) has been established for white mulberry leaf extract. Clinical studies have used doses up to 3,000 mg daily of standardized extract without significant adverse effects in most individuals. For extracts standardized to DNJ content, doses providing up to 10-15 mg of DNJ daily appear to be well-tolerated in short-term studies. Long-term safety studies beyond 6 months are limited.

As with any supplement, it is advisable to use the lowest effective dose for the intended purpose. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking medications should consult healthcare providers before using white mulberry leaf extract, particularly at higher doses. The safety profile of white mulberry leaf extract is generally favorable, with a long history of traditional use in various cultures. Most reported side effects are mild and transient, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal system.

In the United States, white mulberry leaf extract is regulated as a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. It is not approved as a drug for the treatment, prevention, or cure of any disease. As a dietary supplement, white mulberry leaf extract products can be marketed without pre-approval from the FDA, provided they contain ingredients that were marketed in the U.S. before October 15, 1994, or have been determined to be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).

Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety of their products and for making truthful claims. The FDA does not allow disease treatment claims for white mulberry leaf extract supplements, though structure/function claims (e.g., ‘supports healthy blood sugar levels’ or ‘promotes healthy carbohydrate metabolism’) are permitted with appropriate disclaimers. In 2022, the FDA issued a warning following a case report of a death potentially associated with mulberry leaf ingestion, though this involved raw leaves rather than standardized extracts and causality was not definitively established. This highlights the importance of using properly prepared and standardized extracts rather than raw plant material.

Eu: In the European Union, white mulberry leaf is regulated under the Food Supplements Directive (2002/46/EC) and the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Traditional white mulberry leaf preparations are generally permitted in food supplements, though novel extraction methods or highly concentrated extracts may require novel food authorization. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated several health claims related to white mulberry leaf but has not approved specific claims under Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 due to insufficient evidence meeting their standards. White mulberry leaf is also used in some traditional herbal medicinal products regulated under Directive 2004/24/EC, though such products must meet quality, safety, and traditional use requirements.

Canada: Health Canada regulates white mulberry leaf extract as a Natural Health Product (NHP) under the Natural Health Products Regulations. White mulberry leaf extract products must have a Natural Product Number (NPN) to be legally sold in Canada. Health Canada’s Natural Health Products Ingredients Database lists white mulberry leaf with approved uses for antioxidant support and to help support healthy glucose metabolism. Specific health claims must be supported by evidence and comply with Canadian regulations.

Japan: In Japan, white mulberry leaf has special regulatory status as it is classified as a ‘Food for Specified Health Uses’ (FOSHU) ingredient when used for blood glucose management. This classification allows for specific health claims related to blood glucose control when products meet strict quality and efficacy standards. White mulberry leaf has a long history of use in Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo) and is widely accepted as both a food and medicinal ingredient.

China: In China, white mulberry leaf (Sang Ye) is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as an official medicinal herb with recognized therapeutic properties. It is also classified as both a food and medicinal ingredient under the ‘dual-purpose’ classification system, allowing its use in both conventional foods and traditional medicines. As a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, it is subject to quality standards specified in the Pharmacopoeia.

Low to Medium

The cost of white mulberry leaf extract supplements varies significantly based on standardization level, particularly DNJ content, and formulation. Basic white mulberry leaf powder typically ranges from $0.10-0.30 per day for a 500-1,000 mg dose. Standardized extracts with specified DNJ content are moderately priced at approximately $0.30-0.80 per day for an effective dose (typically 250-500 mg of extract standardized to 1% DNJ). Premium formulations with higher DNJ content (2-5%) or enhanced bioavailability may cost $0.75-1.50 per day.

Liquid extracts generally cost more than capsules or tablets, with prices ranging from $0.50-1.50 per daily dose. Organic certified products typically cost 20-40% more than conventional options.

When evaluating the cost-effectiveness of white mulberry leaf extract, standardization level is the most critical factor to consider. Products standardized for DNJ content, even at a higher price point, often provide better value than less expensive, non-standardized options, as DNJ is the primary compound responsible for blood glucose management effects. For blood glucose management, white mulberry leaf extract offers good value compared to many other supplements targeting similar health concerns. Its mechanism of action as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is well-established and supported by clinical research.

When compared to pharmaceutical alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose, white mulberry leaf extract provides a natural alternative at a fraction of the cost, though pharmaceutical options may have stronger effects and more consistent quality control. For general antioxidant support, basic mulberry leaf powder provides reasonable value, though it may not be as cost-effective as other antioxidant supplements like vitamin C or green tea extract. The value proposition improves for individuals specifically seeking support for post-meal blood glucose levels, as this is where mulberry leaf extract shows its most consistent benefits. When considering long-term use, the moderate cost of standardized extracts makes them accessible for ongoing supplementation, particularly important for metabolic support which typically requires consistent use over time.

For those seeking to manage blood glucose through dietary supplements, combining white mulberry leaf extract with dietary modifications may provide the best overall value, as the extract’s effects are most pronounced when used to moderate the impact of carbohydrate-containing meals.

The shelf life of white mulberry leaf extract products varies based on formulation and storage conditions. Properly stored dried leaf powder typically maintains potency for 1-2 years. Standardized extracts in capsule or tablet form generally maintain stability for 2-3 years when stored according to manufacturer recommendations. Liquid extracts have a shorter shelf life of approximately 1-2 years unopened, and 3-6 months after opening if refrigerated.

DNJ (1-deoxynojirimycin), the primary active compound, is relatively stable in dry form but may gradually degrade in solution over time. Products standardized for DNJ content typically include stability data on their certificates of analysis. The flavonoids and phenolic compounds in mulberry extract are more susceptible to degradation from light, heat, and oxygen exposure than the alkaloid components.

White mulberry leaf extract products should be stored in cool, dry places away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and moisture. Capsules, tablets, and powders should be kept in airtight containers, preferably the original packaging designed to protect from light and moisture. If transferring to another container, opaque, airtight containers are recommended. Refrigeration is generally not necessary for dry products but may extend shelf life in hot or humid climates.

Liquid extracts benefit from refrigeration after opening to slow degradation of active compounds. Avoid storing mulberry extract products in bathrooms or kitchens where humidity levels fluctuate. For bulk powders, consider using moisture-absorbing packets in the container and dividing into smaller portions to minimize exposure to air and moisture during regular use. When traveling, transfer only the needed amount to a travel container rather than exposing the entire supply to varying environmental conditions.

Always ensure that containers are tightly sealed after each use to minimize exposure to air and moisture.

Heat exposure, which accelerates the breakdown of heat-sensitive compounds including certain flavonoids and phenolics, Light exposure, particularly UV light, which degrades photosensitive compounds, Oxygen exposure, which promotes oxidation of antioxidant compounds, Moisture, which can lead to microbial growth and enzymatic degradation, pH extremes in liquid formulations, which can affect stability of various phytochemicals, Microbial contamination, especially in liquid or high-moisture products, Metal ions (particularly iron and copper), which can catalyze oxidation reactions, Enzymatic activity in minimally processed products, Freeze-thaw cycles for liquid extracts, which can destabilize certain compounds, Chemical interactions with other ingredients in multi-component formulations, Extended storage time, which gradually reduces potency even under optimal conditions

Synthesis Methods

Natural Sources

Quality Considerations

White mulberry (Morus alba) has a rich history of traditional use spanning thousands of years, particularly in East Asian medicine systems. The earliest documented medicinal use of mulberry leaves appears in Chinese medical texts dating back to 2800 BCE, where it was described as ‘Sang Ye’ and valued for its ability to ‘cool the wind’ and clear heat from the lungs. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), mulberry leaf has been used for centuries to treat ‘xiao-ke’ or ‘wasting and thirsting disorder,’ which closely resembles what we now recognize as diabetes. The Tang Materia Medica (Tang Ben Cao), compiled around 659 CE, detailed mulberry leaf’s use for treating cough, reducing fever, protecting the liver, improving eyesight, and alleviating thirst—a symptom often associated with high blood sugar.

In Japan, mulberry leaf (known as ‘Kuwa’) has been used since at least the 7th century CE for similar purposes, with particular emphasis on its benefits for respiratory conditions and blood sugar balance. Japanese folk medicine incorporated mulberry leaf tea as a daily health tonic, especially for older adults. Korean traditional medicine also utilized mulberry leaves extensively, with historical texts describing their use for promoting longevity and treating various ailments related to ‘internal heat.’ The introduction of sericulture (silk farming) throughout Asia further increased the cultivation of mulberry trees, as the leaves are the primary food for silkworms. This widespread cultivation made mulberry leaves readily available for medicinal use, and traditional knowledge about their health benefits spread along silk trade routes.

When mulberry trees were introduced to Europe and later to North America, some of the traditional medicinal uses accompanied them, though they never gained the same prominence in Western herbal medicine as in Asian traditions. In Ayurvedic medicine of India, where mulberry was later introduced, the leaves were incorporated into treatments for blood disorders, respiratory conditions, and to ‘balance blood sugar.’ Traditional preparation methods varied across cultures but commonly included drying the leaves and brewing them as tea, grinding them into powder for direct consumption, or incorporating them into medicinal formulations with other herbs. Modern scientific investigation of mulberry leaf began in earnest in the 1980s when researchers identified 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) as a key active compound with alpha-glucosidase inhibitory properties. This discovery provided scientific validation for the traditional use of mulberry leaves in managing conditions related to blood sugar imbalance.

Today, white mulberry leaf extract represents a bridge between traditional wisdom and modern nutritional science, with standardized extracts now widely available as dietary supplements specifically formulated to support healthy blood glucose levels and metabolic function.

Phimarn W, Wanchai A, Prutipragcha P, Jedsadayanmata A, Chootip K. Efficacy and safety of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;272:113909. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113909, Thaipitakwong T, Numhom S, Aramwit P. Mulberry leaves and their potential effects against cardiometabolic risks: a review of chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2018;56(1):109-118. doi:10.1080/13880209.2018.1424210

Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes, Mulberry Leaf Extract for Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Comparative Efficacy of Different Mulberry Leaf Extract Formulations on Postprandial Glucose, Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Mulberry Leaf Extract in Prediabetic Individuals, Mulberry Leaf Extract Combined with Lifestyle Modification for Weight Management